Systems and methods for web spike attribution

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are disclosed that measure web activity bursts after ad broadcasts that may be sent to multiple persons. One system uses a cookie-less/cookie-optional, anonymous/personal-identification-not-required, method for web-based conversion tracking that will work on broadcast media systems such as television, and could also be applied to measuring spikes from email, radio, and other forms of advertising where an episodic ad event is broadcast to multiple parties, and where responses occur in a batch after the broadcast.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/002,654, entitled “Web Spike Attribution,” filed on May 23, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/032,947, entitled “Systems and Methods for Web Spike Attribution,” filed on Aug. 4, 2014, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to web-based conversion tracking on broadcast media systems.

BACKGROUND

Cookies, IP addresses, or other methods to track a person from their interaction with an ad to their conversion have been used. However, television effects are notoriously difficult to measure. Unlike online advertising, there are no cookies to enable tracking of a user between a television advertisement view and an action. This has left television with critical problems with the ability to measure and optimize airings, which results in a large number of irrelevant and poorly targeted ads. The present disclosure addresses this problem and presents experimental findings and solutions.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

According to certain embodiments, methods are disclosed for web spike attribution. One method includes receiving, at a server, one or more heterogeneous sources of media data, the media data including television viewing event; receiving, at the server, web activity data, the web activity data including a time period during the television viewing event and a time period prior to the television viewing event; and measuring, by the server, a delta web response due to the television viewing event based on the web activity data during the television viewing event and the web activity data at a time period prior to the television viewing event.

According to certain embodiments, systems are disclosed for teaching a television targeting system to reach product buyers. One system includes a data storage device storing instructions; and a processor configured to execute the instructions to perform a method including: receiving one or more heterogeneous sources of media data, the media data including television viewing event; receiving web activity data, the web activity data including a time period during the television viewing event and a time period prior to the television viewing event; and measuring a delta web response due to the television viewing event based on the web activity data during the television viewing event and the web activity data at a time period prior to the television viewing event.

Additional objects and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the disclosed embodiments. The objects and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. As will be apparent from the embodiments below, an advantage to the disclosed systems and methods is that multiple parties may fully utilize their data without allowing others to have direct access to raw data. The disclosed systems and methods discussed below may allow advertisers to understand users' online behaviors through the indirect use of raw data and may maintain privacy of the users and the data.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the disclosed embodiments, as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate various exemplary embodiments and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 1A depicts an exemplary analytics environment and an exemplary system infrastructure for modeling and detailed targeting of television media, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 1B depicts exemplary data feeds of one or more media agencies of media plan data, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 1C depicts exemplary data feeds of one or more media agencies of media verification data, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 1D depicts exemplary data feeds of one or more media agencies of trafficking/distribution data, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 1E depicts exemplary data feeds of call center data of one or more call centers, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 1F depicts exemplary data feeds of e-commerce data of one or more e-commerce data vendors, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 1G depicts exemplary data feeds of order data of one or more data order processing/fulfillment providers, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 1H depicts exemplary data feeds of consumer data enrichment of one or more audience data enrichment providers from one or more data bureaus, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 1I depicts exemplary data feeds of guide data of one or more guide services, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 1J depicts exemplary data feeds of panel data of one or more panel data enrichment providers, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 depicts a graph of web activity in response to a TV advertisement, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 3A-3E depict web activity versus television advertisement airings during a national campaign, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 provides a graphical view of new visitors versus existing visitors, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 depicts an example of a tratio-web spike landscape, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 depicts a web spike alignment report having a predetermined zoom, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 depicts a web spike alignment report having a predetermined zoom, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8 depicts a web spike alignment report having a predetermined zoom, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 depicts a web spike alignment report having a predetermined zoom, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 10 depicts a web spike alignment report having a predetermined zoom and corresponding analysis, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 depicts a web spike alignment report having a predetermined zoom and corresponding analysis, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 12 depicts a web spike curve diagnostic report in graphical form, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 13 depicts a web spike curve diagnostic report in graphical form, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 14 depicts a graphical representation of a step involved in selecting a web spike attribution report in a graphical user interface, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 15 depicts a graphical representation of a step involved in selecting a web spike attribution report in a graphical user interface, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 16 depicts a graphical representation of a step involved in selecting a web spike attribution report in a graphical user interface, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 17 depicts a graphical representation of a step involved in selecting a web spike attribution report in a graphical user interface, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 18 depicts a graphical representation of a step involved in selecting a web spike attribution report in a graphical user interface, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 19 depicts a graphical representation of a step involved in selecting a web spike attribution report in a graphical user interface, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 20 depicts a graphical representation of steps involved in generating a web media performance report, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 21 depicts a screenshot of a web spike media performance report using program as a dimension, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 22 depicts a screenshot of a web spike media performance report using daypart as a dimension, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 23 depicts a screenshot of a web spike media performance report using hour as a dimension, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 24 depicts a screenshot of a web spike media performance report using network as a dimension, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 25 depicts a screenshot of a web spike media performance report using program as a dimension, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 26 depicts a screenshot of a web spike media performance report using creative as a dimension, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 27 depicts an example of a web spike halo report, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 28 depicts an example of a web spike halo report, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 29 depicts an example of a web spike halo report, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 30 depicts an example of a web spike cluster response analysis, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 31A shows a web spike percentage lift for a time before through a time after a TV airing with spike magnitude expressed in terms of percentage lift over average baseline activity, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 31B shows an experimental lift measurement measured using difference of differences calculated over a treatment and control geographic area for three web metrics, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 31C shows a web spike percentage lift for a time before through a time after a TV airing with spike magnitude expressed in terms of percentage lift over average baseline activity, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 31D shows an experimental lift measurement measured using difference of differences calculated over a treatment and control geographic area for three web metrics, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 31E shows a web spike percentage lift for a time before through a time after a TV airing with spike magnitude expressed in terms of percentage lift over average baseline activity, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 31F shows an experimental lift measurement measured using difference of differences calculated over a treatment and control geographic area for three web metrics, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 32 is a simplified functional block diagram of a computer that may be configured as a device or server for executing the methods, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The present disclosure relates to the measuring of web activity bursts after an ad broadcast is presented to multiple people. The system of the present disclosure may use a cookie-less/cookie-optional, anonymous/personal-identification-not-required method for web-based conversion tracking that may work on broadcast media systems, such as television. Additionally, such systems and methods may also be applied to measuring spikes from email, radio, and other forms of advertising where an episodic advertisement event is broadcast to multiple parties, and where responses occur in a batch after the broadcast.

The present disclosure uses a short latency effect to provide a measurement for television campaigns. The present disclosure provides: (1) a description of algorithms that attribute web activity to television airings without the need for training and/or parametric assumptions; (2) a description of how the attributed web response can be used in a TV ad targeting system to automatically target TV ads to the most responsive media; (3) a demonstration of the above in a live advertiser television campaign; and (4) a quantified amount of TV activity that was correctly identified using experimentation. All of the above shows that web spike response may be workable as a conversion tracking signal for television.

As described in detail below, by aligning web activity with TV broadcasts in time and space and applying some signal processing techniques, it may be possible to measure web activity bursts that peak about 13 seconds after traditional TV ad broadcasts. Using this effect, it may be possible to deploy a web-based TV conversion tracking system that will both work today on existing TV systems, and could be used for future IP-connected TV systems. Thus, enabling real-time optimization of television ad targeting.

Various examples of the present disclosure will now be described. The following description provides specific details for a thorough understanding and enabling description of these examples. One skilled in the relevant art will understand, however, that the present disclosure may be practiced without many of these details. Likewise, one skilled in the relevant art will also understand that the present disclosure may include many other related features not described in detail herein. Additionally, some understood structures or functions may not be shown or described in detail below, so as to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the relevant description.

The terminology used below may be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain specific examples of the present disclosure. Indeed, certain terms may even be emphasized below; however, any terminology intended to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such in this Detailed Description Section.

The systems and method of the present disclosure allow for the receiving and processing of TV (media) related data and consumer related data from a plurality of different data sources and of a variety of different data types and formats. Based on the received data, the systems and methods may build a model that may be used to estimate a probability of reaching a particular set of persons. The estimated probability may then be used to determine a value associated with buying an advertisement spot within a television program for the advertisement.

System Architecture

Any suitable system infrastructure may be put into place to receive media related data to develop a model for targeted advertising for television media. FIG. 1A and the following discussion provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment in which the present disclosure may be implemented. Although not required, aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of computer-executable instructions, such as routines executed by a data processing device, e.g., a server computer, wireless device, and/or personal computer. Those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that aspects of the present disclosure can be practiced with other communications, data processing, or computer system configurations, including: Internet appliances, hand-held devices (including personal digital assistants (“PDAs”)), wearable computers, all manner of cellular or mobile phones (including Voice over IP (“VoIP”) phones), dumb terminals, media players, gaming devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, set-top boxes, network PCs, mini-computers, mainframe computers, and the like. Indeed, the terms “computer,” “server,” and the like, are generally used interchangeably herein, and refer to any of the above devices and systems, as well as any data processor.

Aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in a special purpose computer and/or data processor that is specifically programmed, configured, and/or constructed to perform one or more of the computer-executable instructions explained in detail herein. While aspects of the present disclosure, such as certain functions, are described as being performed exclusively on a single device, the present disclosure may also be practiced in distributed environments where functions or modules are shared among disparate processing devices, which are linked through a communications network, such as a Local Area Network (“LAN”), Wide Area Network (“WAN”), and/or the Internet. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

Aspects of the present disclosure may be stored and/or distributed on non-transitory computer-readable media, including magnetically or optically readable computer discs, hard-wired or preprogrammed chips (e.g., EEPROM semiconductor chips), nanotechnology memory, biological memory, or other data storage media. Alternatively, computer implemented instructions, data structures, screen displays, and other data under aspects of the present disclosure may be distributed over the Internet and/or over other networks (including wireless networks), on a propagated signal on a propagation medium (e.g., an electromagnetic wave(s), a sound wave, etc.) over a period of time, and/or they may be provided on any analog or digital network (packet switched, circuit switched, or other scheme).

Use of the system of FIG. 1A may involve multiple initial steps of setting up data feeds that can be used to receive data for building one or more models as described herein for evaluating television programs, estimating ad effectiveness, and estimating ad response.

One step may be to setup data feeds with one or more media agencies, which may ensure the collection of all the data about what media is being purchased, running, and trafficked to stations. This may also ensure that there is an accurate representation of the available television media. This step may include setting up data feeds for one or more of: media plan data (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1B), which may include data that is produced by media buyers purchasing media to run in the future; media verification data (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1C), which may include data that is generated by third-party verification services; and/or trafficking/distribution data (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1D), which may include sample trafficking instructions and/or order confirmations sent to TV stations; media response data which is the response of viewers to the TV ad, captured either through web activity, phone activity or other responses; TV schedule guide data which comprises data on upcoming program airings, TV set top box data which comprises a record of viewing activity from set top box subscribers; TV panel data which comprises a record of viewing activity from television viewers.

Media plan data may include a station a commercial will run on, an advertiser, topic information, a media cost associated with the purchase, a phone number, and/or a web address that is associated with the commercial for tracking purposes.

Third-party verification services may watermark commercials and monitor when the media was run across all TV stations. The data generated by third-party verification services may be used to verify that a media instance that was purchased for an advertisement spot was actually displayed on TV.

The sample trafficking instructions and/or order confirmation may include a product that was purchased, and instructions that a station is to use when displaying a commercial.

Another step may be to setup data feeds with one or more call centers, which may ensure there is accurate data about callers that called into specific phone numbers. This step may include receiving a call center data feed (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1E). Call center data may include any data associated with phone responses to phone numbers displayed in a commercial.

Yet another step may be to setup one or more data e-commerce vendor data feeds. E-commerce data feeds may be setup to receive recurring data feeds with a vendor and/or internal system of an advertiser that records orders that come in from an advertiser's website (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1F). E-commerce data may include orders that came in on an advertiser's website, customer information, and/or a time, volume, and/or substance of the orders. Another step may be to set up one or more web activity feeds with a vendor and/or internal system of an advertiser that records web activity corresponding to TV broadcasts.

Another step may be to setup one or more data order processing/fulfillment data feeds. Data order processing/fulfillment data feeds may be setup to receive recurring data feeds with order vendor and/or internal system that physically handles the logistics of billing and/or fulfillment. This step may ensure an accounting of subsequent purchases, such as subscriptions and for returns/bad debt, etc., and may ensure accurate accounting for revenue. This step may also include receiving data from a series of retail Point of Sale (“PoS”) systems (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1G). Order data may include a purchase record, subsequent purchases, debt collection information, and return information.

Another step may be to setup one or more audience data enrichment data feeds with one or more data bureaus. This step may ensure that callers, web-converters, and/or ultimate purchasers have their data attributes appended to their record in terms of demographics, psychographics, behavior, etc. (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1H). Examples of data bureaus may include Experian, Acxiom, Claritas, etc. This data may include attributes about consumers from the various data bureaus, such as demographics, psychographics, behavioral information, household information, etc.

Yet another step may be to setup one or more data feeds with one or more guide services. This step may ensure that forward looking guide service data is ingested into the system. This data may be programming based on what is going to run on television for the weeks ahead (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1I). This upcoming media may be scored to determine which of this media should be purchased. Program guide data may include data related to a future run of programming, such as a station, time, program name, program type, stars, and general text description.

Another step may be to setup one or more data feeds for panel data enrichment. Data related to purchasers of products on television, set top box viewer records, and/or existing panels may be received as a data feed and appended to an advertiser's purchaser data mentioned above (FIG. 1J). Panel data enrichment may include viewer/responder data, such as demographic, psychographic, and/or behavioral data.

In another step, all of the underlying data may be put into production. For example, all of the data feeds setup from steps one through seven may be loaded into an intermediate format for cleansing, adding identifiers, etc. Personally Identifiable Information (“PII”) may also be split and routed to a separate pipeline for secure storage. As shown in FIG. 1A, an analytics environment 100 may include a media processing system 102, an agency data system 104, an advertiser data system 106, an audience data system 108, and a processed media consumer system 110.

At the next step, media plan data 104 a, verification data 104 b, and/or trafficking data 104 c of the agency data system 104 may be received at a data feed repository 112 of the media processing system 102. Further, call center data 106 a, e-commerce data 106 b, and/or order management data 106 c of advertiser data system 106 may be received at the data feed repository 112. Additionally, viewer panel data 108 a, guide data 108 b, and/or consumer enrichment data 108 c of the audience data system 108 may be received at the data feed repository 112. After one or more of data feeds are received by the feed repository 112, data may be extracted from the data feeds by extractor 114 of media processing system 102.

At another step, business logic/models may be run for matching responses and orders to media (“attribution”). In this step, the data extracted from the data feeds has been ingested into the system at the most granular form. Here, the phone responses may be matched up to media that generated it. The e-commerce orders may be matched using statistical models to the media that likely generated them. As shown in FIG. 1A, transformer 116, aggregator 118, and analytics engine 120 of the media processing system 102 may process the aggregated data of the data feeds. Analytics engine 120 may include various sub-engines, such as experiment engine 120 a, match engine 120 b, optimize engine 120 c, and/or attribute engine 120 d, to perform various analytical functions.

At yet another step, the analyzed data may be loaded into databases. For example, the data may have already been aggregated and/or final validation of the results may have been completed. After this, the data may be loaded by loader 122 into one or more databases 124 for use with any of the upstream media systems, such as data consumers system 110. These include the ability to support media planning through purchase suggestions, revenue predictions, pricing suggestions, performance results, etc. One or more databases 124 may include customers database 124, campaign database 124, station inventory database 124, performance database 124, models database 124, and/or PII database 124.

At another step, the analyzed data may be used by presentation module 126. In this step, all of the data may be accessible to the operators of various roles in the media lifecycle. This may include graphical tools for media planning (where the targeting in this application primarily fits), optimization, billing, trafficking, reporting, etc.

The above-described system may be used to gather, process, and analyze TV related data. This data may then be used to identify certain available media instances, or advertisement spots, that an advertiser may purchase to display an advertisement. As will be described in further detail below, advertisement spots, also referred to as media instances, may be evaluated and scored to assist an advertiser in choosing which media instance to purchase.

Web Spike Alignment

As mentioned above, a short latency effect exists between television broadcasts and web searches. For example, after a Super Bowl ad for a movie, there may be an increase amount of searches for the movie seconds after the ad airs. These web spikes may be used as an attribution system for measuring the impact of any particular advertisement. These measurements may be used to optimize an ad targeting system.

Robust algorithms may attribute web activity to television airings without the need for training and/or parametric assumptions. This “model-less” may allow the system and method to work in a robust manner and capture complex effects from the ads being tracked. Performance analyses may use the attributed web activity to identify the best performing ads. The attributed web response may then be used to create a feedback loop which will enable an ad targeting system to automatically target ads to the most responsive media.

The present disclosure, as discussed in detail below, may perform the following steps. In a first step, the method may align web activity with advertising events in time and space. Then, the method may filter the web activity to a subset. In an optional step, a parameter space may be automatically searched to find the best combination of exclusion window, time grain, measure. Next, a measurement of a delta web response observed after each airing may be performed by subtracting background activity using one or more of various methods. This may effectively measure a residual change in web activity that is different from background activity. Then, the delta web response may be attributed to the airing. In an optional step, performance reports may be created for different ads, including various parameters, such as creative, days, hours, networks, programs, and so on. Finally, in another optional step, the performance information may be fed back into a targeting system, which then optimizes its ad targeting.

In the following example, an advertiser may be running advertising and may be maintaining a website. The advertiser may use the systems and methods disclosed herein to measure an impact of the advertisement airings on their website.

I(m(t₁,z₁,G)) may be the impressions associated with a media airing at time t₁, time zone z₁ and geography G. w(t2,z₂,G) may be a web traffic metric, such as new visitors, at time t₂, time zone z₂, and geography G. The time zones may be represented as a number of hours to add from Greenwich Mean Time (“GMT”). In this scenario, the web servers may be located in a particular time zone, such as z₂.

The input to the system may be a set of media airings (M) and a set of web measurements (W), as represented by the following formulas:

M={m(t ₁ ,z ₁ ,G)}; W={w(t ₂ ,z ₂ ,G)}

The system may then generate a set of attributed airings with the same cardinality or lower as the original media events, as shown by the following formula:

AttributedAirings={(m,Δw,I,wpi)}

Where, Δw may be the web activity due to ad m, I may be the impressions from the ad, and wpi may be Δw/I, which may be the web response per impression due to the ad airing.

In order to align web activity and ad broadcasts, the media airings may be mapped to the same time zone. The mapping may ensure that a media activity and web activity both occurred at the same time. Then, the web activity may be bucketed into the same geographic G and time buckets t for both web traffic and television airings.

Local broadcasts have well-defined times and time zones. For example, a local broadcast may be Abilene, Tex., which has a single time zone of “Central Time.”

National broadcasts may be recorded separately from local broadcasts. National media airings may span multiple times zones, and therefore, may require different logic to operate. For example, the logic to operate may differ based on whether the network is a live feed network or a dual feed network.

Live feed networks may have a single video stream that runs at the same universal time in all geographies. These types of airings may all be recorded using a designated time zone, such as “Eastern Time.”

Dual feed networks may re-broadcast east coast programming at the same local time for west coast programming. For example, dual feed networks may air at 8 pm Eastern Time, and then the dual feed network may air a program again on at 8 pm Pacific Time, which is effectively 3 hours shifted in universal time. Thus, two events may occur in a universal time. For these broadcast, it may be needed to create a “Ghost Airing” that is a copy of the national airing, but with impressions scaled to West Coast population and East Coast airing by its proportion of population.

From the above, several airings may effectively be occurring in different local geographies. These airings may be aggregated to create a special national geography. The special geography G=National may sum both local and national broadcasts so that there is capturing of all broadcast activity.

Upon obtaining the above discussed information, the media and web activity may be aligned in time and analyzed for impact.

The sum of all web activity across all geographies may be defined as W(T, G), and the sum of all media activity across all geographies in the same time-zone may be defined as I(M(T, G)), which may be calculated with the following formulas:

${W\left( {T,G} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{t \in T}{w\left( {t,z_{2},G} \right)}}$ ${I\left( {T,G} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{{t - {({{z\; 2} - {z\; 1}})}} \in T}{I\left( {M\left( {{t - \left( {z_{2} - z_{1}} \right)},z_{1},G} \right)} \right)}}$

After aligning the web activity with airing, it may be possible to characterize the shape of a web response curve. In one example, Lewis and Reiley (2013)'s Super Bowl Yahoo Search data was used, which shows search queries for a brand-name every 10 seconds after a 30 second Super Bowl commercial aired for the same brand. A log-normal distribution was used to fit the data (KS*=0.10; υ=5.2322; σ=1.2102; as shown in Table 1 below). From a parameterized curve, as shown in FIG. 2, TV searches may occur rapidly after exposure to a TV ad. The peak response activity occurs just 13 seconds after the end of the ad.

In comparison, after seeing a display ad for a retailer on a website, there is a peak for searching the same retailer's name at 23 seconds after exposure. Therefore, TV ads seem to drive faster response relative to display ads. These times may be influenced by an amount of content on web pages hosting display ads, auto-completions on search engines, and other factors, and thus, numbers may not be definitive, but merely provide some guidance as to the approximate time-scale involved.

As shown above in FIG. 2, a Log-Normal fits to Yahoo searches received after the start of a Super Bowl commercial with the dashed lines showing 1 and 6 minute marks. Measurement regimes capture the peak activity which is within the first minute as this carries the highest signal-to-noise ratio. After 6 minutes 50% of activity has been recorded and signal-to-noise begins to drop significantly.

Table 1, as shown below, provides a Log-Normal that fits to Super Bowl data including descriptive statistics. As shown below, a Kolmogorov-Smirnov (“KS”) statistic may provide a good fit.

TABLE 1 Seconds between start of Super Statistic Seconds between Display Ad Bowl Ad and Search on featured Type and Search on featured Brand Brand KS 0.07377 0.10356 Mode  21.62 s  43.27 s Mean 136.96 s 389.35 s Stdev 213.21 s 710.06 s Sigma 1.1094 1.2102 Mu 4.3044 5.2322 Skew 8.4431 11.537 Kurtosis 246.78 562.26

Applying Filters to Improving Signal-to-Noise

Super Bowl search data may present a statistical argument that web effects from T may be visible on very large broadcasts. It may be shown that buying N small airings, each at 1/N the price, would have to contend with the same degree of noise, but with 1/N the media effect strength, and only a square root of N gain in t-test power. Thus, it may be a net loss to execute more, smaller airings, even with the same media budget. However, Super Bowl airings may be economically infeasible for most advertisers. It may be possible that a $4 million dollar TV spot and a $400 spot have a similar level of signal detection through various techniques for increasing signal-to-noise ratios.

Several practical steps may be taken to improve the signal-to-noise ratio on small TV campaigns. Super Bowl ads cost $34.80 per thousand impressions and/or CPM, where-as the national TV media CPM average was only $6.60 based in 2012. Therefore, small TV spots may buy about 5 times more impressions for the same budget, which also increases signal amplitude.

One way to improve signal-to-noise ratio may be to use geographic areas G, if a TV advertisement is run in only a small number of geographic areas at higher media weight. Then, for a far less expensive campaign, a higher weight may be applied per capita without incurring the cost of a national campaign.

Another way to improve signal-to-noise ratio may be to localize effects temporally. About 13 seconds after the end of a commercial broadcast, signal-to-noise ratio is at its maximum. At that time, more visitors on the site may be newly arrived due to the recent TV airing than background. The time window may need to be fine enough to sample this high signal-to-noise region of a curve. For example, the difference between a 30 second sampling window and 1 day is a 1,800× reduction in signal mean. Therefore, localization in time with short time windows may be critical for achieving a temporary signal-to-noise superiority.

Yet another way to improve signal-to-noise ratio noise may be to eliminate robotic activity. Bots tend to produce large volumes of traffic and may completely mask human activity. Methods for eliminating bot activity may vary. Bots may be designed to avoid detection, and one good method may to use a system, such as Google Analytics, to capture and extract data, since this may be supported by Google's bot filtration systems.

Another way to improve signal-to-noise ratio noise may be to measure the targeting of the television ads. “Targetedness” measures how well an advertisement matches the audience. Untargeted ads may produce almost no lift at all. Targeted impressions, rather than simply viewers, may be used to estimate more reliable web spike results.

Another way to improve signal-to-noise ratio noise may be to filter to subsets of traffic that have a higher prevalence of television behavior that is sought to be isolated. Real-time responses to a TV ad may occur from people watching the broadcast live, and tend to require a tablet or mobile device. Traffic may be more likely to visit the homepage, rather than a deep-linked page, and the activity may likely be from new visitors who have not been on the site before. By focusing on this class of traffic more organic background activity may eliminated, which may leave a higher signal-to-noise ratio for the TV generated traffic. A list of the filters are below:

After aligning web activity with advertising events in time and space, the system and method of the present disclosure may apply one or more filters. While the web effects from a TV advertisement, may be small and/or require a very large broadcast, it may be possible to measure TV effects even on small airings by accounting for a signal-to-noise ratio. Filtering the web activity may be down in through one or more processes, as described below.

One process may use geographic areas. For example, if a TV advertisement is run in geographic areas at a high media weight, then for a relatively low spend, it may be possible to produce detectible effects. Another process may localize the effects temporally. The spike curve shape may be exponential with a sharp peak followed by a rapid decline. Therefore, within 5 minutes of a broadcast, signal to noise ratio is greatest. Measurements within 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 1 day later may have very poor signal to noise ratios. Accordingly, localization in time may be used to achieve a temporary signal-to-noise superiority.

Another process may be to apply signal filters to remove as much background noise as possible. Immediate real-time responses to a TV ad may occur from people watching the broadcast live, and usually with a computing devices, such as a smart phone and/or a tablet. Traffic may be more likely to visit the homepage, rather than a deep-linked page. Additionally, the activity may be from new visitors who have not been on the website before. By focusing on this class of traffic, background organic activity may be eliminated, and thus, leaving a very high signal to noise ratio. A list of filters to be applied to the web activity is presented below:

New Cookie Filter: Filtering for visitors who have been assigned a cookie for the first time. This may eliminate traffic of non-web spike visitors who have visited the site before, and thus, may increase the magnitude of the web spike compared to background activity

Homepage Requests Filter: Filtering for visitors who are requesting the homepage, rather than a deep-linked page. As mentioned above, web-spike visitors may be more likely to navigating to the homepage of the website for the first time in response to an advertisement. This filter may help to eliminate repeat purchase traffic of non-web spike visitors.

NULL Referrer Requests Filter: Filtering for website requests with NULL Referrer, which are requests where the visitor is not known to have navigated from a search engine, deep-link, or another method. The NULL Referrer Requests Filter may filter for web-spike visitors who have directly typed the URL into their web browser to access the site for the first time.

Mobile and Tablet User-Agents Filter: Filtering for requests in which the User-Agent is a mobile or tablet user agent string. Requests from mobile or table users may have a much greater response to television ads.

Time Filter: Filtering for a web traffic's server clock time that was measured within 5 minutes of the broadcast appropriately adjusted for time zone. Web traffic's server clock time may also be aggregated within 1 minute or less of a broadcast appropriately adjusted for time zone.

Geography Filter: Filter for a web traffic's IP originated from the same geography as the TV broadcast.

Web Spike Alignment Example Embodiment

Presented below is a live TV advertisement that has been analyzed. A live advertisement may be analyzed to determine if web spike responses may be detected on very small airings. The data is from a live TV campaign that ran from Feb. 11, 2013 to Jul. 9, 2013 with 35,296 airings. The airings were detected using digital watermarks. The average spot cost was $143 per airing, which is less than Super Bowl airings costs.

FIGS. 3A-3E depict web activity versus television advertisement airings during a national campaign. In this embodiment, aggregated data from advertiser web logs may be represent as 5 minute time buckets. FIG. 3A provides new visitor web activity using 5 minute time intervals and national geography, from Jan. 20, 2013 to Feb. 25, 2013. The time series may become more spikey around Feb. 11, 2013. The reason for the spikes may be seen in close-up in FIG. 3B, which provides a zoomed in time scale. As shown in FIG. 3C, when revealing TV media, that the airings that are producing the spikes may line up with the web spikes. FIG. 3D depicts web spikes during around Feb. 18, 2013 national advertisement campaign. FIG. 3E provides a targeted impression aligned with web spikes in a time series.

Web Spike Alignment Interactive User Interface

The web spike alignment may be displayed in an interactive user interface (also referred to as a “web spike explorer”). The web spike alignment display may enable a user to drag forward and backward in time, to zoom, switch on or off airing impressions or targeted impressions. When the web spike alignment display shows impressions along with web activity, the web spike alignment display may be able to show a match between ad airings and web activity.

The web spike explorer may also be used to create a near-real-time application. The web spike explorer may be combined with a broadcast media tracking services (e.g., Kantar BVS, MediaMonitors, etc.) and web traffic analytics services/weblog processing systems (e.g., Google Analytics, web log processing) to produce a display that is able to show airings, web activity, and provide updates close to real-time. The web spike explorer may also show upcoming airings and overlay predicted web activity changes. One embodiment of web spike explorer may include a countdown clock to a next broadcast airing.

Attributing Web Activity to Advertising Events

The durability of web spikes may allow for these web effects to be used to build a television conversion tracking system for TV effectiveness reporting and optimization. In order to build such a system, properties, as described above may be used. Specifically, observed web activity W(T,G) can divided into two parts: (a) the web activity due to the television airing f(I(M(T,G))), plus (b) background web activity that would have occurred anyway W_(NoTV)(T,G), as represented by the formula

W(T,G)=f(M(I(T,G)))+W _(NoTV)(T,G)

-   -   which may be rearranged as:

f(I(M(T,G)))=W(T,G)−W _(NoTV)(T,G)

When estimating the total effects of television, the exact parametric functional form of f does not have to be identified. The exact parametric functional form of f may be a complex function, require a large number of factors, and involve complex interactions. For attribution purposes, W_(NoTV)(T,G) (the background web activity that would have occurred without TV), may be estimated. Once estimated, for every time-period and geography (T and G), an attributed television estimate using the formula above may be calculated. In other words, the background W_(NoTV)(T,G) may be estimated and removed from observed activity to infer the activity due to TV.

Thus, the system may approach the attribution problem in as “model free” a fashion as possible and may learn what TV is not. In practice, the background traffic may tend to be more reliable to estimate than activity during TV airings, as there are many more observations of web activity and it is often periodic and predictable. TV estimates then become the observed residuals after subtraction of background, in the narrow window during TV airings when there is high signal-to-noise. Four algorithms for removal of background activity are provided below, which introduce minimal assumptions.

Instantaneous Treatment Control

The first algorithm may be an instantaneous treatment-control algorithm that works by estimating the web traffic without TV as being equal to the web traffic in the time period before the airing. In the formula provided below, the web activity control period y indicates how many periods of time prior to the present may be used to create an average for web activity (e.g., y=1). Additionally, the algorithm requires there to have been no media airings during z time-periods prior to the present (e.g., z=1), the exclusion window. This ensures that the previous web activity is not being elevated by an earlier media event.

${W_{NoTV}\left( {T,G} \right)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {{\frac{1}{y}{\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{y}{{W\left( {{T - t},G} \right)}\text{:}\mspace{14mu} {if}\mspace{14mu} {\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{z}{I\left( {M\left( {{T - t},G} \right)} \right)}}}}} = 0} \\ {{UNDEF}\text{:}\mspace{14mu} {otherwise}} \end{matrix} \right.$

By using the web activity prior to the airing as the no TV baseline, the treatment when TV was applied may be close in time to the control, and the environmental conditions, including day-hour-minute traffic levels, of the website should be very similar in these two cases. Therefore, any change in web visits may be likely to have been caused by the TV airing.

This algorithm has an advantage of being robust when faced with real-world problems such as bots. Bots crawl various pages, and then may not be seen again for some time. This may cause significant problems when estimating models of web activity, since global models, such as regression, may be severely disrupted by what appears to be large amounts of web traffic.

However, because web activity immediately prior to the airing may be close in time to time of airing, it may be likely that the bot will be present and generating a similar inflation during both time buckets T and T−1. Therefore, if we have:

f(I(T,G))=W(T,G)+BOT(T,G)−(W(T−1,G)+BOT(T−1,G))

If BOT(T−1,G)=BOT(T,G), then the estimate will not be affected. This may be likely to be true in many cases because bot activity is correlated in time.

Day-Hour-Minute Modeled Subtraction

The second algorithm may be day-hour-minute modeled subtraction, which works by building an expectation for the day-hour-minute bucket for web activity on the website when TV is not present. One method may be to take an average for an day-of-week-bucket, hour-of-day-bucket, and a minute-bucket when a media airing has not occurred within the last z time-periods prior to the day-hour observation.

${W_{NoTV}\left( {T,G} \right)} = {{{E\left\lbrack {W\left( {Y,G} \right)} \right\rbrack}\text{:}{\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{z}{I\left( {M\left( {{Y - t},G} \right)} \right)}}} = {{0{{DD}(Y)}} = {{{{DD}(T)}{{HH}(Y)}} = {{{{HH}(T)}{{MM}(Y)}} = {{MM}(T)}}}}}$ W_(NoTV)(T, G) = UNDEF; otherwise

Where DD(Y) is the day-of-week for time bucket Y, HH(Y) is the hour of day of time-bucket Y, MM(Y) is the minute bucket for Y, and E[ ] is the mean. For 7 days, 24 hours and 0 minute buckets, this may be equivalent to defining 168 day-hour 1-0 dummy variables in a regression model that is trying to predict the non-TV background web activity.

The day-hour-minute subtraction algorithm may be a global model. The algorithm may be susceptible to problems including: (a) in-time trends in web activity (for example, if a website's traffic is growing, then the method may incorrectly begin to estimate more activity due to television); (b) bot activity, which may cause outliers to pull the numbers out; and (c) transient background changes due to interference from other TV airings from the same campaign. Nevertheless, for well-spaced airings the algorithm may be effective.

Instantaneous with Dynamic Pre-Periods

A third algorithm may be “dynamic pre-periods,” which rather than excluding an airing if there is activity in the last z time buckets, instead, attempts to assemble a baseline using as many periods of data that are possible, up to the next airings in the past, or z, whichever is later. Therefore, if there was an airing M₁ a 45 minutes in the past and another M₂ 15 minutes in the past, and the maximum time window z is 30, then this algorithm may take the time period 14 minutes in the past until 1 minute in the past as the baseline, as shown in the following formula:

${W_{NoTV}\left( {T,G} \right)} = {\frac{1}{y}{\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{y}{W\left( {{T - t},G} \right)}}}$

Where y=max(PrevAiring(M(T,G)), z), and PrevAiring is the most recent airing preceding M.

The dynamic pre-period algorithm may be effective in attributing a larger number of airings than the instantaneous treatment control algorithm with exclusion periods. However, the variable baseline period may introduce some endogeneity because an airing at 5 minutes ago, 10 minutes ago, and 30 minutes ago may each retain a different degree of residual lift. Thus, a baseline level when the most recent airing is 5 minutes ago may be higher, than when the most recent airing is 30 minutes ago. Since the baseline may be contaminated with a different degree of historical lift on each airing, error may be introduced in measuring the effect of television. The uniform exclusion period method may be able to minimize baseline lift by selecting a large exclusion period, and also not having a changing amount of baseline lift.

Handling Simultaneous Airings

When two or more airings simultaneously occur within the same time period, two potential airings may have caused the spike. Thus, a question may be which airing should take credit. There are two methods of handling this case: (a) set the airing attribution to missing because attribution is unclear, or (b) attempt to apportion credit.

Although the above-described system is preferred to be as “model-free” as possible, a useful heuristic for partial attribution is to apply credit in proportion to each airing's television impressions as a percentage of total.

Thus, let S={M_(i)} be the set of airings which are regarded as airing simultaneously and f(S) be the estimated TV effect for the group of airings. If the full attribution method is used we set the estimate to undefined, as follows:

f(M _(i))=UNDEF

Using the this simultaneous airings method, individual airing TV effects may be estimated as follows:

${f\left( M_{i} \right)} = {\frac{I\left( M_{i} \right)}{\sum\limits_{i}{I\left( M_{i} \right)}}{f(S)}}$

For example, a total web traffic estimated as due to television may be f=100. Also, assume there were three airings with 100, 700, and 200 impressions, respectively, each occurred at exactly the same time. Thus, the middle airing would receive 70% of the credit.

The simultaneous airings method may prove to be useful in practice, when larger time buckets are need to be used due to web tracking constraints. For example, when 15 minute buckets are used, many more times airings may “collide” with other airings in the same bucket.

However, this method may be problematic if the airings vary widely in targeting quality. For example, the first airing may reach the ideal target, whereas the second might be running in the middle of the early hours of the morning when none of the target are watching. As a result, the method may introduce some error to the attribution results. However, the benefit of this method is that it enables more airings to be attributed and minimizes the number of factors introduced.

Alternatives may be available. For example, targeted impressions may be used for credit assignment above, such as timp(M_(i)) instead of I(M_(i)). In this example, assignments may tend to be more accurate. However, in creating a targeting landscape (discussed in more detail below) and in order to target effectively, an estimated web attribution without knowledge of targeting may be used. Additionally, it is also possible to use cost to allocate credit, but accuracy may decrease.

Combined Algorithm

In one embodiment, a combine algorithm may be used. For example, the day-hour-minute subtraction and instantaneous treatment control algorithm may be combined. Further, other algorithms may be combined with one or both of the day-hour-minute subtraction and instantaneous treatment control algorithm.

Web Spike Algorithm Call

An example call to attribute a web spike is below:

exec Web.Attribution

110575,—sourcekey/advertiser

98,—jobid; batch of airings being attributed

NULL,—measureid; if NULL then do all measures

0,—webspikecurvebymarket,—1==do by market, 0==aggregate to marketmaster=169

1,—webtimewindow, 1==1 minute

30,—lowermediaexclusiontimewindow minutes

30,—uppermediaexclusiontimewindow minutes

60,—webspikelowerwindow minutes

60,—webspikeupperwindow minutes

1,—fullattribution=1 means attribute all using the simultaneous airings algorithm. 0 means only attribute singletons

1001,—minimpressions; do not show results for airings with <1001 impressions

1,—1-minairings; do not show results for airings<1

‘2015-01-01’,—baseline period start for the month-day-hour algorithm

‘2015-02-01’,—baseline period end for the month-day-hour algorithm

30,

60,

1—offset in minutes;

The above may apply a small adjustment to a t0 time of the airing. Most airings may be listed with their respective start times. When working with 1 minute or lower time buckets, sampling a time of the airing may be too early to sample a peak web response. Most traffic may reach a website within 13 seconds after the end of the TV airing. This may mean that the 43rd second is the peak activity. Thus, instead of sampling the 0 second, sample the 1 minute. For lower time buckets, this adjustment may be needed to the airing start time to ensure that the peak may be sampled.

Diagnostic: Spike Percentage

One diagnostic measure that may help calculate an effect size of a web spike is to measure a percentage change in web activity compared to a baseline at a range of times before and after an ad airing. Once all media airings that meet the various parameters described above have been found, the diagnostic measure may be calculated as follows:

(Time-Before-Webspike, MeasureID, Delta Web Response, Average-Measure-Value, PercentChange)

Where Time-before-webspike may be a time in seconds prior to TV airings, MeasureID may be a web measure (e.g. visitors, homepage new visitors), Delta Web Response may be an average change in web traffic, and AverageMeasureValue may be an average for the measure.

Table 2, as shown below, provides a variety of traffic classes and the impact of television on that traffic. Delta over base may be equal to the highest reading divided by the mean reading. PercentChange (shown below) or Percent increase over base may be the measure's value divided by base activity, where base activity is equal to the preceding reading in the y minutes prior to the airing, and where no other airing occurs within those y minutes. In Table 2, additional traffic during a 5 minute airing is web traffic in native units that was generated during the TV airing. Percentage increase over a base is the during-airing reading divided by base activity. Base activity is equal to the reading in the 30 minutes prior to the airing, and where no other airing occurs within those 30 minutes. tImp Correlation is the correlation coefficient between the metric and TV airing's targeted impressions, which may produce a more accurate measure since the other metrics do not account for targeting. Increase per million impressions (“wpmm”) is the change in the web traffic multiplied by one million divided by number of television impressions. Mean and Var are the mean and variance of the web traffic in native units. A p-value is shown based on a t-test for the instantaneous spike percentage change, during the time of airing, compared to the percentage changes of differences around baseline activity. % of events shows the web traffic as a percentage of all web traffic. Some web traffic categories may have high spike response from infrequent events.

${PercentChange} = {100 \cdot \frac{{\sum{W\left( {T,G} \right)}} - {W_{NoTV}\left( {T,G} \right)}}{\sum{W_{NoTV}\left( {T,G} \right)}}}$ MeanAdditionalTraffic=PercentChange*MeanUnits

A p-value is shown based on comparison of the activity during the spike compared to a normal distribution of differences around baseline activity.

In order to measure web spikes quantitatively, several measurements for web spike magnitude are provided in Table 2 below. Web metrics that are more filtered may be able to better identify the impact of the television airing.

TABLE 2 Percent Delta per Change base unit (% Mean per mill 5 min. addtl. (Inc per inc. over traffic mill. base w during Mean Var % of tImp Imps 30 min. 5 min of Metric Units Units events Corr. wpmm) excl.) TV airing New 5.1 34  2% 0.069 9.64 75.6% 3.9 home mobile New 34.6 446 11% 0.057 2.45 34.4% 11.9 home direct Mobile 23.4 188  7% 0.055 2.95 34.1% 8.0 New 58.7 1,035 18% 0.055 2.14 30.7% 18.0 home Home 58.7 1,035 18% 0.055 2.14 30.7% 18.0 Page Direct 53.2 617 17% 0.052 1.65 25.3% 13.5 To Site No 53.2 617 17% 0.052 1.65 25.3% 13.5 Referrer Tablet 14.9 101  5% 0.035 1.64 24.0% 3.6 New 164.3 5,889 52% 0.035 0.89 14.8% 24.3 Visitors Unique 262.2 15,565 83% 0.033 0.62 10.9% 28.6 Visitors Visits 291.6 19,930 92% 0.028 0.59 10.2% 29.7 SEM 54.6 866 17% 0.023 0.67  9.1% 5.0 Desktop 126.0 3,663 40% 0.027 0.46  7.8% 9.8 SEO 36.8 458 12% 0.016 0.46  7.3% 2.7 Existing 97.9 2,569 31% 0.028 0.16   2.8%* 2.7 Visitors Category 60.6 980 19% 0.009 0.25   2.3%* 1.7 Page Email 4.8 61  1% 0.017 0.36  1.7% 0.1 (ns) Product 33.1 310 10% 0.024 0.07  0.7% 0.2 Page (ns) Affiliates 7.3 20  2% 0.028 0.19  0.0% 0 (ns) Display 0.7 1  0% 0.008 0.23 na 0 *Significant p < 0.05; (ns) Not significant; All other metrics are significant at p < 0.01

FIG. 4 provides a graphical view of new visitors (upper line) versus existing visitors (lower line). The existing visitor time series is almost un-moved when there are TV airings with only a 2.8% spike which is not statistically significant (Table 2). In contrast, new cookie visitors shows distinct spikes that match TV airings that are 14.8% in magnitude and are significant. As shown in FIG. 3, web spikes may tend not to show up in Existing Visitor traffic (lower line).

Referring back to Table 2, the highest signal-to-noise ratio for any traffic category is “New Cookie Visitor traffic with Mobile User-agents that reach the Homepage.” The web spike here is a dramatic 76% higher than the baseline activity (p<0.01; see Table 2 and FIG. 3). This lift occurs on 2% of the site's traffic.

Most categories of traffic show TV spikes that are statistically significant. However, three categories appear to have minimal change from TV. Only 13% of the traffic: “Email,” “Product Page,” and “Affiliate traffic” are largely not impacted by television (spike magnitude<=1.7%; not statistically significant). Product pages may have minimal change since these are “deep-linked pages,” which would likely be reached after a search for a specific product, where-as the TV airing tends to produce branded searches and first time visitor activity to the home page. Email may have minimal change given that email campaigns occur on an episodic basis and may be likely to be uncorrelated with television advertising. Thus, the least responsive traffic to TV may be deep-linked page browsers and email responders.

Significant amounts of paid and organic search traffic may be mis-attributed. A considerable amount of paid search and organic search traffic at the time of a TV airing may be actually due to the television broadcast (see Table 2; FIG. 3). A 9.1% spike was measured on Paid Search (SEM) (p<0.01) and 7.3% on Organic Search (SEO) (p<0.01), with both increases statistically significant. These effects may be important because these are large sources of traffic, and so these lifts may translate into a large increase in traffic that can be measured as due to television.

The ability to measure effects on these digital marketing channels may be important because most conversion tracking systems on paid search may mis-attribute this traffic. A problem with current last-click attribution systems is that the search query or paid link receives 100% credit for the conversion, and often results in brand name keywords (e.g., for a company called “Physicians Mutual Insurance” a brand name keyword would be “Physicians Mutual”) with thousands of conversions and cost per acquisitions of pennies. It may appear that these keywords are the most effective advertising vehicles for producing conversions, when in fact the users typing in these brand name keywords may already know of the company and are trying to navigate to a website of the company. The web spike analysis reported here may confirm that a lot of search click-throughs that are being credited to keywords, are in fact occurring due to untracked television broadcasts.

Diagnostic: Targeting Landscape and Slope Calculation

An automated targeting landscape may be generated based on the attributed web response to the set of airings. This analysis may rely on a score being assigned to each ad airing, which is referred to as a targeting score and/or tratio(M_(i)). The targeting score and/or tratio may measure how well targeted an ad is.

The ad airings with their targeting scores, the resulting, attributed web responses, and the impressions associated with each ad airing may be collected. Then, the targeting scores may be segmented, such as by percentiles. For each targeting score bucket, the sum of web delta response may be calculated and divided by the sum of impressions. This information provides such parameters as tratio_ntile, measure, delta-web-response, impressions, and delta-web-response-per-impression or WPI.

In a first step, the airings with their targeting scores are collected, and all of the resulting, attributed web responses, and the impressions associated with each airing are collected. The data collected may include (Mi, measureID, tratio(M_(i)), delta-web-response, impressions)

Next percentile/decile or n-tile may be calculated for the targeting scores in order to ensure the targeting scores are grouped together into n bins. For each targeting score bin, the sum of web delta response is calculated and divide by the sum of impressions, which produces the following data: (tratio_ntile, measure, sum_of_delta-web-response, impressions, sum_of_delta-web-response-per-impression).

Finally, the relationship between targeting score tratio_ntile and delta-web-response-per-impression or WPI is estimated. This may be calculated as follows which is a weighted least squares fit mapping tratio to expected wpi, weighted by impressions.

Let x=tratio, y=WPM (web response per million impressions), and w=impressions/sum(impressions). The slope and intercept may be calculated as follows:

${\overset{\_}{x} = {\sum\limits_{i}{w_{i}x_{i}}}};{\overset{\_}{y} = {\sum\limits_{i}{w_{i}x_{i}}}};$ $\beta_{1} = \frac{\sum\limits_{i}{{w_{i}\left( {x_{i} - \overset{\_}{x}} \right)}\left( {y - \overset{\_}{y}} \right)}}{\sum\limits_{i}{w_{i}\left( {x_{i} - \overset{\_}{x}} \right)}^{2}}$ $\beta_{0} = {\overset{\_}{y} - {\beta_{1}\overset{\_}{x}}}$

β₁ may be the slope of the linear relationship between tratio and web spike response per million. β₀ may be the intercept for the same.

Root mean squared error may then calculated for the above landscape in order to provide a measure for the quality of the resulting landscape. This may be calculated as:

RMSE=√{square root over (Σw _(i)(β₁ x+β ₀ −WPI)²)}

FIG. 5 depicts an example of a tratio-web spike landscape. As shown in FIG. 5, tratio is plotted on the x-axis against a web response per million impressions (WPM) on the y-axis. Tratio, as depicted, may be a measure of how targeted teach impression is. A circle size may represent the number of impressions that were tested at a given tratio level. Using the analysis of FIG. 5, an advertiser may take any airing, along with a targeting score, and may estimate the web response per million that an airing may generate if the advertiser buys it. A user may establish a desired cost per web visitor (cost per delta goal), and then, with knowledge of the impressions and tratio of the airing, may estimate a cost needed to negotiate for the airing that may achieve the goal. For example, cost=cost per delta goal*WPM(tratio(airing))/1,000,000.

Reports

A variety of reports may be generated showing the web spike results. Such reports may include a web alignment report, a web spike curve report, a web spike attribution report, a web media performance report, a web spike halo report, and/or a web spike cluster responsiveness report.

Web Spike Alignment Report

A web alignment report may show web activity and media airings that allow a user to visualize what media is running and its impact. Further, a web alignment report may show the impressions or targeted impressions associated with an ad airing. For example, as impressions increase, a web response may be expected to increase. The web alignment report may include the one or more of the following parameters datetimestamp, geography, measureid, delta web response, impressions, timpressions, airings, tratio, delta web response per impression, programname_largestairing, and/or network_largestairing.

FIG. 6 depicts a web spike alignment report having a predetermined zoom. As shown in FIG. 6, a web spike alignment report having a zoom of 1 may show an advertiser's web traffic and television airings. The larger spikes in web activity may be caused by television commercials. The boxed area is a region of interest that may be further zoomed in on.

FIG. 7 depicts a web spike alignment report having a predetermined zoom. As shown in FIG. 7, a web spike alignment report having a zoom of 2 may reveal that TV airings may match spikes in web activity. Television programs associated with the TV airings may be superimposed on the graph for each of interpretation. The boxed area is a region of interest that may be further zoomed in on.

FIG. 8 depicts a web spike alignment report having a predetermined zoom. As shown in FIG. 8, a web spike alignment report having a zoom of 3 may show sharp increases and exponential declines associated with web spikes. The boxed area is a region of interest that may be further zoomed in on, which is, for example, TLC's show “I didn't know I was pregnant.”

FIG. 9 depicts a web spike alignment report having a predetermined zoom. As shown in FIG. 9, a web spike alignment report having a zoom of 4 may show a close-up view of a television show, such as TLC's show “I didn't know I was pregnant.” The report may show the sharp increases associated with the time of the airing, and then show a decline.

FIG. 10 depicts a web spike alignment report having a predetermined zoom and corresponding analysis. As shown in FIG. 10, a web spike alignment report having a zoom of 4 may have a baseline period of average web activity leading up to a web spike peak of web activity. Then, after the web spike peak there is a decline and a post web spike background period.

FIG. 11 depicts a web spike alignment report having a predetermined zoom and corresponding analysis. As shown in FIG. 11, a web spike alignment report may have exclusion periods that provide a way of filtering out airings that may have an ambiguous and/or misleading signal. If there are airings that are too close together in time, it may not be possible to obtain a “clan” measure of the pre-airing web activity baseline. As a result, an exclusion period may be used, such as 30 minutes prior to an airing. Thus, if the exclusion period is implemented, attributing questionable web spikes may be avoided.

Web Spike Curve Diagnostic Report

A web spike curve diagnostic report may be an analysis report that shows the percentage change in web activity when an ad airing is detected. The web spike curve diagnostic report may not take into account the size of the ad airing in terms of number of impressions, and may be an imprecise measure. However, the web spike curve report does show on average the percentage change in web activity when there is an ad running. The web spike curve report may provide a rough, but easy to understand measure of how effective the ads are at driving traffic. The web spike curve report may include one or more of the following parameters time-to-spike, geography, measureid, delta web response, impressions, timpressions, airings, tratio, and/or delta web response per impression.

Table 3, as shown below, depicts an example of a web spike curve report. The web spike curve report shows that the minutes away from an ad airing versus activity in percentage higher than baseline.

TABLE 3 Minutes New Direct after New Existing home New To No Home Category Product airing visitors visitors mobile home SEM SEO Affiliate Site Referrer Page Page Page −60 −5%  −6% 7% −2% −4% −10%   1% 1%  1% −2% −6% −4% −55 −4%  −5% 7%  0% −4% −5%  1% −1%  −1%  0% −5% −7% −50 −2%  −4% 0% −1% −2% −5%  1% 0%  0% −1% −3% −1% −45 −1%  −4% 0%  0%  0% −5%  1% 2%  2%  0% −2% −1% −40 0% −1% 0%  0%  0% −2%  1% −1%  −1%  0% −2% −1% −35 0% −1% 0%  1%  0% −2%  1% 0%  0%  1% −2% −1% −30 −1%   0% 0%  0%  0% 1% 1% 0%  0%  0%  0% −1% −25 1%  1% 0% −1%  1% 1% 1% −4%  −4% −1%  0%  2% −20 0%  0% 0% −1%  0% 1% 1% −1%  −1% −1%  2% −1% −15 0%  2% −9%  −1%  1% 1% 1% −1%  −1% −1%  0% −1% −10 2%  2% 0%  0%  1% 1% 1% 0%  0%  0%  3%  6% −5 3%  3% 0%  1%  2% 3% 1% 2%  2%  1%  3%  2% 0 24%  17% 91% 43% 23% 25%  43%  38%  38% 43% 19% 25% 5 4%  4% 0%  5%  3% 3% 1% 3%  3%  5%  5%  2% 10 2%  4% 0%  3%  3% 3% 1% 2%  2%  3%  3%  2% 15 3%  3% 0%  1%  3% 3% −14%   2%  2%  1%  3%  2% 20 2%  3% 0%  0%  3% 3% 1% −1%  −1%  0%  2%  2% 25 2%  1% 0%  1%  1% 3% 1% 0%  0%  1%  2%  2% 30 2%  0% 0%  1%  2% 3% 1% 2%  2%  1%  2%  2% 35 0%  0% 0% −2% −1% 1% 1% −1%  −1% −2%  2% −1% 40 −1%  −1% 0% −2% −1% 1% 1% 0%  0% −2%  0% −1% 45 −1%   0% 0%  1% −1% 1% 1% 2%  2%  1%  0% −4% 50 −1%  −1% 0% −2% −3% 1% 1% −1%  −1% −2%  0% −1% 55 −2%  −3% 0% −2% −1% −2%  1% −1%  −1% −2% −2%  2% 60 −3%  −3% 0% −3% −3% −2%  1% −1 %  −1% −3% −3% −4%

FIG. 12 depicts a web spike curve diagnostic report in graphical form. As shown in FIG. 12, a percentage of web traffic changes when a television ad airs is shown. The x-axis may show the minutes before, during, and after the television ad. The y-axis may show a percentage, which is an average over all time periods (−60 minutes to +60 minutes) around a television airings. The bars on the graph represent a standard deviation.

FIG. 13 depicts a web spike curve diagnostic report in graphical form. As shown in FIG. 13, a percentage of web traffic changes when a television ad airs is shown. The x-axis may show the minutes before, during, and after the television ad. The y-axis may show a percentage, which is an average over all time periods (−60 minutes to +60 minutes) around a television airings.

Web Spike Airing Attribution Report

A web spike airing attribution report may provide information on the delta web response for every ad airing, which may be a main output from attribution. After the web spike airing attribution report is generated, other reports may be derived from this report. A web spike attribution report may include one or more of the following parameters panelairingid, datetimestamp, geography, measureid, delta web response, impressions, timpressions, tratio, delta web response per impression, programname, and/or network.

Table 4, as shown below, provides a web spike airing attribution report with the parameter specific airings with delta web response predictions added. The parameter WebAttributionID joins to the WebAttributionSettings, which specifies the parameters for a particular web attribution. MarketMasterid of 169 may refer to a national geography. Sourcekey of 110497 may refer to the advertiser's campaign. LastJobID may refer to a JobID for a set of airings that were tracked for the advertiser. Slope and intercept may be calculated parameters for a tratio-WPM landscape that estimates the WPM for different tratio. SpikePCTAvg may be an average change in web activity when a TV airing runs

TABLE 4 Broadcast Airing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 sourceairingid 263786 263787 270014 262065 262075 270023 262385 WebAttributionID 1174 1174 1174 1174 1174 1174 1174 MarketMasterID 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 PanelAiringID 148065 148066 149421 148053 148054 149430 148055 AirDate Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 1:15 AM 1:45 AM 3:00 AM 4:45 AM 5:15 AM 5:45 AM 10:30 AM AirDatePST Jun. 9, 2013 Jun. 9, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 10:15 PM 10:45 PM 12:00 AM 1:45 AM 2:15 AM 2:45 AM 7:30 AM AirDateEST Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 Jun. 10, 2013 1:15 AM 1:45 AM 3:00 AM 4:45 AM 5:15 AM 5:45 AM 10:30 AM Value 22 21 13 11 4 7 30 ValueStdev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Delta 4.75 8 5.5 4.5 −1.75 −1.5 −10.5 DeltaStdev 3.3040 2.7080 2.08166 3.3166 2.7537 3.7859 16.9410 37934 12802 5999 2479 85274 38897 7435 DeltaPositive 4.75 8 5.5 6 1 4 4 DeltaPositiveStdev 3.3040 2.7080 2.08166 1.7320 NULL NULL 4.24264 37934 12802 5999 50808 0687 WPI −2.88281E−05 −4.85525E−05 −0.000180174 −0.006 0.0023 8.87942E−05 0.00031 33333 2082 Impressions 164770 164770 30526 1000 1000 16893 33645 TotalAirings 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 DeltaStarting NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL DeltaPositiveStarting NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL DeltaPositivePct NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL DeltaPct NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL DeltaPctStdev 0.1501 0.1289 0.16012 0.3015 0.6884 0.5408 0.56470 83542 52991 8154 11345 46318 48414 2478 DeltaPositivePct 0.1501 0.1289 0.16012 0.1574 NULL NULL 0.14142 Stdev 83542 52991 8154 59164 1356 TRatio 0.0730 0.0730 0.31722 0.4052 0.4052 0.3117 0.38243 8273 8273 299 7069 7069 4507 402 MatchFailure 1 1 NULL 3 3 NULL NULL PriorAiringMinutes 300 30 75 105 30 30 285 NextAiringMinutes 30 75 105 30 30 285 30 WebAttributionID 1174 1174 1174 1174 1174 1174 1174 WebAttributionAiringID 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 CreateDate May 13, 2014 May 13, 2014 May 13, 2014 May 13, 2014 May 13, 2014 May 13, 2014 May 13, 2014 3:17 PM 3:17 PM 3:17 PM 3:17 PM 3:17 PM 3:17 PM 3:17 PM LastRunDate May 13, 2014 May 13, 2014 May 13, 2014 May 13, 2014 May 13, 2014 May 13, 2014 May 13, 2014 3:17 PM 3:17 PM 3:17 PM 3:17 PM 3:17 PM 3:17 PM 3:17 PM UseForScoring 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 SourceKey 110497 110497 110497 110497 110497 110497 110497 LastJobID 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 MeasureID 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AggregateByMarket 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DataTimeWindow 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 LowerMediaExclusionTimeWindow 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 UpperMediaExclusionTimeWindow 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 WebSpikeCurveLowerWindow 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 WebSpikeCurveUpperWindow 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 FullAttribution 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MinimumImpressions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MinimumAirings 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 SpikePctAvg 3.91 3.91 3.91 3.91 3.91 3.91 3.91 Slope 14.320 14.320 14.3206 14.320 14.320 14.320 14.3206 62195 62195 2195 62195 62195 62195 2195 Intercept 1.4720 1.4720 1.47202 1.4720 1.4720 1.4720 1.47202 22791 22791 2791 22791 22791 22791 2791 SlopePositive 8.6007 8.6007 8.60075 8.6007 8.6007 8.6007 8.60075 51794 51794 1794 51794 51794 51794 1794 InterceptPositive 20.307 20.307 20.3076 20.307 20.307 20.307 20.3076 65463 65463 5463 65463 65463 65463 5463 AttributedPct 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Table 4 depicts an example of a web spike attribution report with airings running as columns and attributes including the attributed web spike delta running down the page.

FIG. 14 depicts a graphical representation of a step involved in selecting a web spike attribution report in a graphical user interface. As shown in FIG. 14, a user may select a “web attribution airing” report.

FIG. 15 depicts a graphical representation of a step involved in selecting a web spike attribution report in a graphical user interface. As shown in FIG. 15, a user may select an advertiser for a web attribution airing report.

FIG. 16 depicts a graphical representation of a step involved in selecting a web spike attribution report in a graphical user interface. As shown in FIG. 16, a user may select an attribute measure/parameters for the web attribution airing report.

FIG. 17 depicts a graphical representation of a step involved in selecting a web spike attribution report in a graphical user interface. As shown in FIG. 17, a user may select a start date and an end date for the web attribution airing report.

FIG. 18 depicts a graphical representation of a step involved in selecting a web spike attribution report in a graphical user interface. As shown in FIG. 18, a user may generate the web attribution airing report. The source of the airing may be listed, along with an airing ID, a station name, a media market, an air date, and a program name.

FIG. 19 depicts a graphical representation of a step involved in selecting a web spike attribution report in a graphical user interface. As shown in FIG. 19, a user may elect to export the generated the web attribution airing report to various file types. The source of the airing may be listed, along with an airing ID, a station name, a media market, an air date, and a program name.

An example command-line report may be as follows:

-   -   Monitorplus

exec Report. WebAttributionAiringOutput @WebAttributionID=N‘2013’, @StartDate=‘2014-09-30 00:00:00’, @EndDate=‘2015-04-27 00:00:00’, @CPAGoal=50

Web Spike Media Performance Report

Table 5 shown below depicts a web spike media performance report. The web spike media performance report, as provided in the table below, shows the web delta response per million impressions for television advertisements for a video game product that appeals to young males. The report may be aggregated to Station-Programs for reporting to indicate that G4-XPLAY and COM-FUTURAMA produced high web responses per impression in response to the TV ad. A web media performance report may include one or more of the following parameters measureid, delta web response, impressions, timpressions, tratio, airings, delta web response per impression, programname, and/or dimension to report. Dimension to report may be a number of categorical variables pertaining to the media including: (a) Creative (b) ProgramName, (c) DayPart, (d) Network, (e) Station-Program, (f) HourOfDay, and so on.

TABLE 5 delta per Airing Impres- p < Row Labels imp tratio count delta sions 0.05 ESPNU-WCC 838.201 0.44047 1 33 39370  4% TOURNAMENT 6764 1627 G4-X-PLAY 292.279 0.32813 2 13 131119 24% 3384 4431 ESQR-MILLION DOLLAR 320.068 0.12006 1 18 56238 16% LISTING NY 2812 0944 FS1-UFC TONIGHT 314.768 0.51912 1 51 162024  0% 1825 5566 ESQR-ESQ MOVIE 314.423 0.16311 1 21 66789 12% 0337 8645 ENN-MIKE & MIKE IN THE 106.936 0.42208 2 4 115066 41% MORN 6281 7641 COM-FUTURAMA 202.309 0.52192 1 59 291633  0% 0665 2461 ESPNU-NIT 194.476 0.12271 1 3 15426 43% TOURNAMENT 8573 0335 ESP2-NBA REGULAR 192.062 0.53451 1 16 83306 19% SEASON REPEAT 9967 4717 FS1-FOX SPORTS LIVE 61.4362 0.44559 11 2.45454 610867 45% 091 4155 5455 NFLN-NFL AM 168.791 0.44583 2 9 115679 31% 5364 1511

FIG. 20 depicts a graphical representation of steps involved in generating a web media performance report. As shown in FIG. 20, a user may select an advertiser, select a measure and parameter setting, select a dimension to report on, and view the report.

Tables 6, 7, 8, and 9, as shown below, show examples of a web media performance report with dimensions Creative, Program, Network, and Daypart.

TABLE 6 Performance by Creative Cost per Cost Delta Media Sum Per esti- Asset Sum Sum Sum of Sum WPM Delta mated Pattern of of of Impres- of Lower Esti- Lower (copy) WPM airings Delta Cost sionsBest Impressions 95 mated 95 Male- 33.39 220 934 95,674 27,986,937 27,855,715 28.97 102.39 117.98 Remember Thy Name: 30 Original- 32.06 129 478 43,252 14,921,599 13,974,512 26.52 90.42 109.28 Male& Female- Remember Thy Name: 30 Female- 28.98 192 793 89,069 27,371,567 27,695,223 24.88 112.30 130.80 Remember Thy Name: 30 Female- 26.26 133 722 92,585 27,483,424 28,894,854 21.80 128.27 154.54 Divorce: 15 NULL 43.04 42 137 2,084 3,175,603 1,323,532 30.02 15.25 21.86 Original- 20.62 75 201 31,932 9,769,915 11,546,004 15.95 158.50 204.87 Female- Divorce: 15 Male- 14.71 143 288 66,682 19,556,226 21,719,899 12.30 231.86 277.32 Car: 15 Original- 13.98 26 29 3,339 2,041,528 1,672,426 8.60 117.02 190.08 Male- Car: 15

TABLE 7 Performance by DayPart Cost per Media Cost Delta Asset Sum Sum WPM Per estimated Pattern of of Lower Delta Lower Sum of Sum of (copy) WPM airings Delta 95 Estimated 95 Cost ImpressionsBest Weekday- 31.82 201 1,614 27.42 145.76 169.14 235,195 50,713,095 5- LateFringe Weekday- 11.29 272 525 9.95 224.48 254.75 117,950 46,522,066 6- Overnight Weekday- 12.69 273 360 11.19 265.61 301.35 95,609 28,363,300 1-Morning Weekday- 31.20 558 2,772 28.61 115.09 125.51 319,022 88,832,808 2-Daytime Weekday- 36.57 245 1,898 31.99 102.18 116.81 193,923 51,898,403 3- EarlyFringe Weekday- 31.95 241 4,339 27.92 153.51 175.69 666,060 135,806,710 4-Prime Weekend- 30.48 91 813 24.22 153.80 193.57 125,013 26,668,497 5- LateFringe Weekend- 11.92 122 290 9.80 199.42 242.44 57,871 24,351,323 6- Overnight Weekend- 13.45 110 158 10.94 305.09 375.21 48,284 11,762,487 1-Morning Weekend- 38.43 186 1,910 32.90 115.95 135.41 221,443 49,699,898 2-Daytime Weekend- 43.61 170 2,319 37.06 101.47 119.42 235,280 53,162,555 3- EarlyFringe Weekend- 34.81 99 1,764 27.95 130.05 161.95 229,434 50,685,407 4-Prime

TABLE 8 Performance by Network Media Cost Cost per Asset WPM Per Delta Pattern Sum of Sum of Lower Delta estimated Sum of Sum of (copy) WPM airings Delta 95 Estimated Lower 95 Cost ImpressionsBest SPK 54.61 120 1,902 44.84 57.69 70.26 109,732 34,830,867 A&E 53.42 10 180 20.31 65.70 172.81 11,847 3,375,555 TRU 51.28 215 1,680 44.43 94.87 109.51 159,418 32,768,287 FX 46.93 95 1,023 37.49 123.51 154.60 126,335 21,797,404 COM 44.37 98 1,105 35.58 125.63 156.64 138,825 24,906,028 VH1 43.92 196 1,146 37.77 70.99 82.54 81,335 26,089,713 LIFE 36.79 164 1,520 31.16 103.18 121.82 156,835 41,318,306 MTV 33.67 118 1,037 27.59 226.66 276.56 235,148 30,813,823 AMC 33.57 171 2,457 28.54 101.90 119.86 250,364 73,180,640 BET 32.31 20 160 18.15 135.00 240.33 21,585 4,947,878 TBS 31.47 53 1,331 22.99 244.25 334.23 325,058 42,294,566 TLC 30.91 17 189 16.22 168.88 321.91 31,993 6,128,819 CMT 30.32 225 1,142 26.36 76.21 87.67 87,057 37,668,946

TABLE 9 Performance by Program Cost per Cost Delta Media Asset Sum WPM Per estimated Pattern of Sum of Lower Delta Lower Sum of Sum of (copy) WPM airings Delta 95 Estimated 95 Cost ImpressionsBest NBATV-OPEN 706.37 1 70 — 10.97 99,999,999.00 765 98,707 COURT CENT-SINGLE 422.53 2 14 — 9.71 99,999,999.00 138 33,569 LADIES (SERIES) CENT-COSBY 386.64 2 40 — 7.94 99,999,999.00 319 103,811 SHOW VH1C-GUNS N 246.69 1 8 — 16.47 99,999,999.00 126 31,032 ROSES LIVE FROM O2 VH1C-BON 200.99 1 2 — 21.69 99,999,999.00 33 7,463 JOVI IN CONCERT VH1C- 160.31 2 7 — 26.16 99,999,999.00 173 41,268 ENTOURAGE FUSE- 154.83 1 4 — 14.16 99,999,999.00 61 27,616 CHRONICLES, THE ESP2- 142.58 1 10 — 145.43 99,999,999.00 1,395 67,267 COLLEGE BASKETBALL LIVE TRU-STORAGE 109.55 1 14 — 21.80 99,999,999.00 311 130,074 HUNTERS VH1C- 109.18 1 1 — 26.51 99,999,999.00 22 7,713 DOWNLOAD FESTIVAL 2014 FUSE-TOP 100 99.25 1 3 — 25.77 99,999,999.00 84 32,839 HOUSE PARTY SONGS MTV-FRESH 99.17 1 14 — 60.05 99,999,999.00 863 145,001 PRINCE OF BEL-AIR CENT-CSI: NY 91.29 3 5 — 14.10 99,999,999.00 65 50,699 TRU-SOUTH 90.83 6 67 18.15 32.62 163.24 2,173 733,451 BEACH TOW VH1-BLACK 90.02 12 233 39.08 27.89 64.23 6,511 2,593,470 INK CREW 3 TRU-BAIT CAR 89.47 1 9 — 33.65 99,999,999.00 291 96,7384

FIG. 21 depicts a screenshot of a web spike media performance report using program as a dimension. The impression actual may be impressions as reported by Nielson, Rentrak, and/or another provider. The impressions actual and impressions best may take time to become available, and thus, an impressions prediction may be used.

FIG. 22 depicts a screenshot of a web spike media performance report using daypart as a dimension. FIG. 23 depicts a screenshot of a web spike media performance report using hour as a dimension. FIG. 24 depicts a screenshot of a web spike media performance report using network as a dimension. FIG. 25 depicts a screenshot of a web spike media performance report using program as a dimension. FIG. 26 depicts a screenshot of a web spike media performance report using creative as a dimension.

Web Spike Halo Report

A web spike halo report may show a “halo” of the ad airing and an ad airing's impact across multiple measures. For each measure and for a given unit change in targeting, such as how many additional web visits, sessions, searches, and so on, a halo report may be generated. A halo report may include one or both of the following parameters measureid, slope, percent change, and/or RMSE.

Slope may be calculated by parameter β₁, and may be a measure of the change in traffic per million impressions assuming a tratio of 1. This estimate may take into account the targeting and impression weight of the traffic and normalizes this out.

Percent Change may be calculated as discussed above, and may be a measure of the percentage change in traffic observed when television airing ran. The Percent Change measure may not normalized for number of impressions, but could be normalized if desired.

RMSE may be the root mean squared error for the fit that was used to calculate the slope, and may give a measure of the variability of the landscape. If the RMSE is too high, then the slope estimate may be considered unreliable or spurious. Other metrics may be used to measure fit quality including R square and so on.

FIG. 27 depicts an example of a web spike halo report. As shown in FIG. 27, the web spike halo report analysis of web activity changes given a television commercial. Different classes of web traffic are shown with the average change in web activity. FIG. 27 shows that email signups increase the most within 1 minute of a TV airing (90%), followed by mobile and tablet visits (75%), cost per click or paid search CPC traffic (71%), and new users (61%).

FIG. 28 depicts an example of a web spike halo report. As shown in FIG. 28, the web spike halo report analysis of web activity changes given a television commercial. The information provided in FIG. 28 is a graphical representation of the information provided in Table 2, as shown above. The graph is sorted in order of highest web response to lowest. This shows that new homepage mobile traffic produces the highest increase in traffic during a television airing, with a 76% change. Total visits increases by 10.2%. The least affected categories include email, display, and product page traffic (deep-linked pages on specific products that a user would have to navigate to).

Table 2, as shown above, also depicts an example of the halo report in table form. For example, for every 1 million impressions at tratio=1, there will be 29.7 additional visits, 28.6 additional unique visitors, 24.3 new (i.e. non-returning) visitors, 18 new homepage visits, 8 mobile visits, and 3.9 new mobile homepage visits, and 5 Search Engine Marketing referrals. Note that in terms of spike magnitude, mobile traffic may have the highest spike magnitude (around 34% in the previous figure), whereas in absolute terms there may not be very much mobile traffic, and so this only translates into 8 mobile visitors. In contrast, Visits had a very low spike magnitude, e.g., 10.2%, but translates into a high absolute amount of traffic (29.7 additional visits).

FIG. 29 depicts an example of a web spike halo report. As shown in FIG. 29, the web spike halo report is translated from FIG. 28. The percentages are translated into total traffic and shows that while the mobile traffic had the highest spike in FIG. 28, in absolute terms, visits category increased the most. In FIG. 29, for every 1 million television media impressions, total traffic generated across a wide range of traffic classes. For every 1 million impressions at tratio=1, there may be 29.7 additional visits, 28.6 additional unique visitors, 24.3 new (i.e., non-returning) visitors, 18 new homepage visits, 8 mobile visits, 3.9 new mobile homepage visits, and 5 search engine marketing referrals.

Web Spike Cluster Responsiveness Report

The same algorithm for measuring a web spike halo effect may also be used to measure the “responsiveness” of different target clusters. A cluster may be a segment of the customer population in which an advertiser may want to reach through advertising. Target clusters may be a set of persons who share certain traits. For example, targets may have a similar age, gender, income, number of children, and so on.

The quality of targeting against each segment may be first defined by a tratio score against each target. For example, if there are three clusters, then there would be three tratios reported for each airing: tratio1, tratio2, tratio3. It may then be possible to do the slope analysis on each target, slope1, slope2, slope3. These slopes may provide an estimate of how responsive each of the customer targets are to the advertiser's impressions.

Web spike cluster responsiveness reports and halo reports may include one or more of SourceKey, Slope, PercentChange, and/or RMSE.

FIG. 30 depicts an example of a web spike cluster response analysis. As shown in FIG. 30, population segments may generate the best web response after targeting them with a television ad. This shows that for a particular advertiser, younger females may be far more responsive to their offer than middle-aged females. High income males may also be responsive, but not as high as the younger females. Using this information, the advertiser may focus their targeting on the younger females.

Although the web spike cluster response analysis may be similar to the web spike halo analysis, the ability to focus targeting may be extremely important in advertising. An advertiser may significantly decrease their media budget, or may move more of their marketing dollars onto segments that are responsive and interested in their offer. The above analysis can also normalize against baseline responsiveness for different segments

Automatically Optimize Parameters

A variety of parameters may be associated with a web attribution including one or more of a measure, a filter, a lower and/or upper exclusion window, a maximum number of airings, a maximum impression, a time grain, a full attribution, a partial attribution, and/or a geographic grain.

Measure parameters may include one or more web measure being used, such as visits, sessions, and/or unique visitors. Filter parameters may include a choice of filters, such as new visitors, direct-to-site referrals, null referrers, and/or mobile or tablet user agents. A lower and/or upper exclusion window parameter may include a time prior to an airing and/or after an airing that should be free of additional media airings and/or should meet the maximum thresholds below. A maximum number of airings parameter may include an exclusion period where there should be no more than this number of airings. A maximum impression parameter may include an exclusion period where there should be no more than this number of impressions from other media events. A time grain parameter may include 1 minute, 2 minutes, 5 minutes, 15 minutes, etc., which may be used to bucket media and web events during attribution.

A full attribution and/or a partial attribution parameter may allow simultaneous airings. If a full attribution parameter is used, simultaneous airings occurring together within a bucket may be attributed by apportioning credit based on their impressions or other criteria. If a partial attribution parameter is used, then if there are multiple simultaneous airings, the airings are not attributed.

If a geographic grain parameter is used, then airings and web activity may be aggregated to the national level. If DMA geographic grain parameter is used, then local airings may be matched with local web activity. Local web activity may be measured by performing an IP-lookup on the web traffic to classify them into different geographic areas.

Each of the above mentioned parameters may be automatically optimized. Automatic optimization may be performed through one or more of the following steps. First, several combinations of the above mentioned parameters may be defined. Then, each of the defined parameter settings may be executed and attribution results may be generated. Next, an average spike percentage may be calculated, and then, targeting landscape parameters may be calculated (e.g., slope and intercept). The sum of squared error of the landscape may then be calculated, and a percent of cases attributed may be calculated. After executing all combinations, the parameter settings that have the highest percentage web spike or lowest root mean squared error, may be selected as the optimal settings. It also may be possible for a user to set parameters, and the user may use a lower spike magnitude parameter setting if it attributes more of the airings.

Tables 10 and 11 depict parameter search results. As shown in tables 10 and 11, slope, intercept, and spikepctaverage diagnostics may be visible and may show which of the metrics and parameter settings are best.

TABLE 10 Automated Parameter Search Results Ag- Lower Upper Web- gre- Media Media Mini- Attri- Use- gate Data Exclusion Exclusion Full- mum Mini- bution- For- Source- Measure- By Time Time Time Attri- Im- mum Spike ID Scoring Key ID Market Window Window Window bution pressions Airings PctAvg 1186 0 110401 27 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 8.13 1187 0 110401 36 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 5.33 1188 0 110401 37 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 5.71 1189 0 110401 38 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 1.23 1190 1 110401 39 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 49.56 1191 0 110401 40 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 20.75 1192 0 110401 41 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 18.62 1193 0 110401 42 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 6.04 1194 0 110401 43 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 3.38 1195 0 110401 44 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 1.43 1196 0 110401 45 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 0.38 1197 0 110401 46 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 −0.97 1198 0 110401 47 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 14.71 1199 0 110401 48 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 14.71 1200 0 110401 49 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 18.62 1201 0 110401 50 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 0.97 1202 0 110401 51 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 23.1 1203 0 110401 52 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 15.52 1204 0 110401 53 0 5 5 0 1 0 1 4.02 Web- Attri- Attri- bution- Slope- Intercept buted ID Slope Intercept Positive Positive Pct 1186 71.5267392527873 39.038  20.0189771145764 71.1097526769653 100 1187 73.4298947723419 44.88   6.29416055305941 86.9884991806818 100 1188 74.5321986620914 43.611  15.2412042171185 80.0973288674321 100 1189  2.11156132415068  4.653 −23.7420215200895 24.5104945123655 100 1190 21.6379045353731 10.76  11.4158728486788 17.3626216180327 100 1191 48.9899407382675 25.2268867653783  24.3027875833938 42.3659602587061 100 1192 63.1728920301269 36.2085194033426  31.7220337694906 58.5159669009066 100 1193 14.8459978589929  7.93651452264115  −7.92096481836447 22.6648277367109 100 1194  8.20463920440668  3.4944112499625 −11.7635507401761 16.1815419587978 100 1195  0.370726975440122 −0.0536844232695239  −1.26877072392682  1.44485559915304 100 1196 −0.216353179267301  0.461628775126748  −6.03572589886188  5.89637327881743 100 1197  1.07352182826531 0.150666255260131  −0.713183104635479  3.22129599897471 100 1198 50.9786592731211 26.1006194510393  22.9684907708998 45.753036964897 100 1199 50.9786592731211 26.1006194510393  22.9684907708998 45.753036964897 100 1200 63.9104089917169 36.1424242000119  32.4015767815651 58.4550520746715 100 1201 12.4729246340856  0.604601187270315 −16.2560297904869 18.3561290898712 100 1202 29.7023406635302 16.182959711954  10.1824920954828 28.7112075726408 100 1203 21.7606448925032  6.72759549329199   4.42194577731784 16.1540610591827 100 1204 20.5219229407963 16.09824709679  −8.81328899012128 39.2906724829881 100

TABLE 11 Automated Parameter Search Results web- aggre- data- mea- spike- attri- last use gate time- mea- sure pct- inter- slope- intercept- bu- run for by win- sureid display avg slope cept positive positive tionid date scoring market dow 39 New 69.49 −9.89 41.98 −25.991 47.375 1385 2014 May 14 0 0 5 Home 22:43:05 Mobile 39 New 63.29 39.52 38.93 26.71 44.53 1271 2014 May 15 0 0 5 Home 53909 08545 12:27:05 Mobile 18181 52249 4 1 39 New 59.74 57.07 34.75 39.1374571066732 41.16 1252 2014 May 15 0 0 5 Home 11675 96662 12:13:42 Mobile 99350 54164 3 3 39 New 49.56 21.63 10.76 11.4158728486788 17.36 1190 2014 May 15 1 0 5 Home 79045 70927 11:12:39 Mobile 35373 35340 1 9 39 New 48.66 56.50 25.32 46.3683420290059 30.50 1209 2014 May 15 0 0 5 Home 67175 15247 11:32:02 Mobile 32552 59086 1 6 51 Mobile 31.96 21.00 56.76 −68.7648680827587 82.1378259402728 1397 2014 May 14 0 0 5 13824 87143 22:48:06 83044 64965 7 7 51 Mobile 30.53 65.18 58.18 −3.95160037991875 79.4309147254221 1283 2014 May 15 0 0 5 68778 10850 12:32:47 13576 79446 4 40 New 29.73 −54.23 99.88 −134.06907897743 129.252838808494 1386 2014 May 14 0 0 5 Home 11405 69087 22:43:18 Direct 55902 60481 8 8 51 Mobile 28.84 63.92 55.36 11.9340027195814 73.9906286662082 1264 2014 May 15 0 0 5 42894 81916 12:20:19 22815 54647 7 9 40 New 28.14 103.6 83.58 38.5908166115748 111.970318305361 1272 2014 May 15 0 0 5 Home 01599 33123 12:27:21 Direct 21345 49209 7 5 lowermedia- uppermedia- full- mini- exclusion- exclusion- attri- mum mini- mea- time- time- bu- impres- mum sureid window window tion sions airings 39 120 0 0 0 1 39 60 0 0 0 1 39 30 0 0 0 1 39 5 0 1 0 1 39 5 0 0 0 1 51 120 0 0 0 1 51 60 0 0 0 1 40 120 0 0 0 1 51 30 0 0 0 1 40 60 0 0 0 1

Automated Ad Targeting Feedback Loop

Web spikes may be used to measure which networks, programs, times-of-day, and creative generate the highest response. Rather than just reporting this data, the data may be used to automatically optimize a television campaign to maximize the web site response; using a “closed feedback loop” of web spike data to automatically adjust TV targeting.

An example of an ad targeting problem may be to select media in order of value per dollar, using the following formula:

$M_{i}\text{:}\mspace{11mu} \max \frac{{wpi}\left( M_{i} \right)}{{CPI}\left( M_{i} \right)}$

Where CPI (M_(i)) and wpi(M_(i)) are clearing prices and media observations. CPI (M_(i)) may be obtained from the TV stations. The web spike of an upcoming airing wpi(M_(i)) may be estimated. In order to estimate the performance of the airing, the airing may be broken into a series of features including station, program, and so on. For example, a future media instance, M_(i) may be (CNN, 8 pm, “Piers Morgan,” Tuesday, Dec. 12, 2012, Pod1, Pos2, 60s). The following features may be used to predict the performance: Station wpi(m_(i1))=(CNN), Station-Hour-Pod m_(i2)=(CNN, 8 pm, Pod1), Geography-Station m_(i3)=(National-CNN), and so on.

Table 12 depicts networks with highest web response per impression measured in a TV campaign.

TABLE 12 Network-Day-Hour WPI DFH 0.00231 COM 0.00217 SOAP 0.00121

Tables 13 and 14 depict examples of aggregated features for Station-day-hour and Station-Program. Table 13 depicts Network-Day-Hours with highest web response per impression measured in the TV campaign.

TABLE 13 Network-Day-Hour WPI SOAP-Su-3 pm 0.00322 COM-Tu-1 pm 0.00302 DFH-Tu-11 am 0.00289 DFH-W-2 pm 0.00273 DFH-M-7 am 0.00259 COM-W-1 pm 0.00253 DFH-M-1 pm 0.00229 COM-Th-1 pm 0.00214 COM-Tu-12 pm 0.00211 DFH-Th-3 pm 0.00206

Table 14 depicts Network Programs with highest web response per impression in the TV campaign.

TABLE 14 Network-Program WPI LMN-Movie 0.0203 SOAP-Veronica Mars 0.0147 SOAP-One Tree Hill 0.0107 AMC-AMC Movie 0.0085 SOAP-Gilmore Girls 0.0076 OWN-Dr. Phil 0.0073 SOAP-General Hospital 0.0067 WGNA-Law & Order: Criminal Intent 0.0065 SOAP-Beverly Hills, 90210 0.0054 COM-South Park 0.0046

For each feature, an estimate may be created, which is equal to the average web response per impression over all historical media, as follows:

${{wpi}(m)} = {{\frac{\sum\limits_{i}{{{wpi}\left( M_{i} \right)} \cdot {I\left( M_{i} \right)}}}{\sum\limits_{i}{\cdot {I\left( M_{i} \right)}}}\text{:}m} \in M_{i}}$

The prediction of performance for an upcoming media M_(i) then becomes the weighted average of these historical estimates of wpi. The weights may be trained to predict future wpi.

${{wpi}\left( M_{i} \right)}^{*} = {{\sum\limits_{j}{{\frac{w_{j}}{\sum\limits_{i}w_{i}} \cdot {{wpi}\left( m_{j} \right)}}\text{:}m}} \in M_{i}}$

For example, to score “SOAP—Beverly Hills, 90210,” which has moved to a new time of Sunday at 4 pm. Historical readings may be checked, and SOAP may have an average WPI of 0.00121, and previous airings of SOAP-Beverley Hills, 90210 may produce WPI of 0.0054. The performance of SOAP-Sun-4 pm may be missing, as information for SOAP-Sun-3 pm does not match, and thus, may not be used. Pre-calculated weights of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.25 for Network, Station-Program, and Station-Day-Hour features may be calculated. Therefore, the prediction for WPI if purchasing an upcoming airing would be (0.25/0.75)*0.00121+(0.5/0.75)*0.0054+NULL=0.0040.

As new airings occur, and web spikes occur, wpi statistics may be updated for media by aggregating in the latest web spike response information, which is an estimate of wpi(M_(i)) for upcoming buyable media.

As new airings occur, and web spikes occur, wpi statistics may be updated for media per above. Then, the media bought may be changed by re-calculating a ranking function, as follows:

$M_{i}\text{:}\max \frac{{wpi}\left( M_{i} \right)}{{CPI}\left( M_{i} \right)}$

This may reveal that the best media to buy might be SOAP—Sa—3 pm based on knowledge of the program that will be on at that time, the web response for that daypart and network. This results in a system which receives new web spike data, and optimizes what is being purchased in that campaign.

Example Embodiment

The attribution algorithms were run on a TV campaign and associated web activity from Feb. 11, 2013 to July 2013. The television campaign comprised 35,296 airings. Both attribution methods were calculated, and then compared to the web response per impression calculated using each algorithm to the targeting score of each airing as calculated using an algorithm. The comparison measures the number of buyers per million in the viewing audience. The Instantaneous model has a fit of R=0.64, day-hour subtraction with 3 hour exclusion has a fit of R=0.42, and day-hour subtraction without exclusion produces a fit of R=0.33.

Reports may be provided on the performance of different networks, day-parts and programs in generating web spikes by dividing TV-generated web activity by TV impressions.

${{wpi}(M)} = \frac{{\sum{W\left( {T,G} \right)}} - {W_{NoTV}\left( {T,G} \right)}}{I\left( {M\left( {T,G} \right)} \right)}$

The highest web-spike per impression network-programs and network-day-parts for the live TV campaign, as measured by the first algorithm as described above, are shown in Tables 13 and 14 above. The most responsive networks were Discovery Health and Fitness, SOAP and Comedy. The most responsive programs were “Veronica Mars,” “One Tree Hill” and “Gilmore Girls.” The product being advertised was one that appealed to higher income women who were just married or were renovating. Table 13 shows a network day-hours with a highest web response per impression measured in the TV campaign. Table 14 shows network programs with a highest web response per impression in the TV campaign.

The web response alignment graphs are suggestive. However, TV is known to have complex and long ranging effects. Thus, the question is whether web spike response could be used as a proxy to measure total TV effect?

The total TV lift should be measured. A classic method for measuring total TV effect is to run a controlled experiment. Media is applied to certain geographies, and not to control geographies. The difference in web activity between treatment and control is then measured. This is called a Matched Market Experiment, and it has been used in many previous studies to measure television effects.

In evaluation, a Matched Market Experiment was implemented by purchasing 9,748,347 impressions and 296 airings ($483 per airing) of media on the week of Feb. 11, 2014 and Mar. 4, 2013 in treatment market G_(j)=Seattle. This purchased approximately 281 Gross Rating Points per week in the targeted area. A Gross Rating Point (“GRP”) is equal to 100*impressions per TV Household per area per unit time. For example, 281 GRPs per week is equal to 2.81 impressions per household per week.

An aggregated control W(T,G_(j,CON)) was selected and matched to this treatment and not running media as follows. The control areas were actually subjected to approximately 20 GRPs of advertising weight due to some national advertising that was unavoidable, so the comparison was 281 GRPs in treatment versus 20 GRPs in control.

${W\left( {T,G_{j,{CON}}} \right)} = {{{\sum\limits_{i \neq j}{w_{i} \cdot {W\left( {T,G_{i}} \right)}}} + {w_{0}\text{:}{\sum{I\left( {M\left( {T,G_{i}} \right)} \right)}}}} = 0}$

Where w_(i) were trained using data from times T₀ that were prior to the start of television, selected using stepwise regression to avoid over-fitting, and the model was validated against a test set that was held out in time. The parameters are shown in Table 16 below.

$\min \mspace{11mu} w_{i}\text{:}{\sum\limits_{T \in {TRAIN}}\left( {{W\left( {T_{0},G_{j}} \right)} - {\sum\limits_{i}{w_{i} \cdot {W\left( {T_{0},G_{i}} \right)}}} + w_{0}} \right)^{2}}$

Difference of differences can now be used to calculate the activity due to the treatment in this kind of design. The method measures the change in treatment area minus change in control area:

f(I(M(T,G _(j))))=(W(T,G _(j))−W(T ₀ ,G _(j)))−(W(T,G _(j,CON))−W(T ₀ ,G _(j,CON)))

Because an explicit, time-varying control which minimizes difference between W(T₀, G_(j,CON)) and W(T₀, G_(j)) is used, the treatment and control starting terms cancel, and the difference of difference formula becomes the formula below. The results are shown in Table 15 and FIGS. 31a-31f below.

f(I(M(T, G_(j)))) = W(T, G_(j)) − W(T, G_(j.CON)) ${lift} = {\frac{W\left( {T,G_{j}} \right)}{W\left( {T,G_{j.{CON}}} \right)} - 1}$

The result shows that web spike lift readings appear to predict total TV effect. Web Spike analysis reported 30.7% lift for Homepage, 14.8% for new visitors, and 10.2% for visits. Experimental measurement exhibits the same relationship: 58%, 27%, and 18% (see Table 15; FIGS. 31A-31F).

Another result is that the amount of lift measurable by web spike is small relative to the total effect of TV. Experiments provided measurements of an additional 3.5 conversions for every conversion generated during the campaign in the 6 months after the campaign because of elevated lift in treatment area. Web spike may be unable to detect this lift as it works on short-term effects. In addition, web spike measurements only observe a narrow time window around each airing when signal-to-noise is maximum. Based on the first algorithm, 0.69% of total web effect including residuals after 6 months were measure. Nevertheless, despite measuring only a small amount of TV's total effect, the measured signal appears to be correlated with overall TV effect.

TABLE 15 Experimental Lift versus Web Spike Lift web Exp web spike Corr spike Exp % lift/ metric, timp Traffic % lift base conversions corr. Homepage 57.8% 30.7% 0.321 0.079 New visitors 27.4% 14.8% 0.162 0.064 Visits 18.3% 10.2% 0.130 0.054

Robust measurement of web-spikes may be performed, and the information gather may be used to automatically optimize a television campaign.

FIGS. 31A and 31B show visits. FIG. 31A shows a web spike percentage lift for 60 minutes before through 60 minutes after a TV airing (at minute 0) with spike magnitude expressed in terms of percentage lift over average baseline activity. FIG. 31B shows an experimental lift measurement measured using difference of differences calculated over a treatment and control geographic area for three web metrics. The time series are shown as a 7 day moving average. The control area (lighter shaded line) with web activity is normalized to 1.0, and treatment area (darker shaded line) shows activity in units of percentage over control. As web spike percentage lift increases, the experimentally measured lift increases.

FIGS. 31C and 31D show new visitors. FIG. 31C shows a web spike percentage lift for 60 minutes before through 60 minutes after a TV airing (at minute 0) with spike magnitude expressed in terms of percentage lift over average baseline activity. FIG. 31D shows an experimental lift measurement measured using difference of differences calculated over a treatment and control geographic area for three web metrics. The time series are shown as a 7 day moving average. The control area (lighter shaded line) with web activity is normalized to 1.0, and treatment area (darker shaded line) shows activity in units of percentage over control. As web spike percentage lift increases, the experimentally measured lift increases.

FIGS. 31E and 31F show new visitors to a homepage from mobile devices. FIG. 31E shows a web spike percentage lift for 60 minutes before through 60 minutes after a TV airing (at minute 0) with spike magnitude expressed in terms of percentage lift over average baseline activity. FIG. 31F shows an experimental lift measurement measured using difference of differences calculated over a treatment and control geographic area for three web metrics. The time series are shown as a 7 day moving average. The control area (upper, lighter shaded line) with web activity is normalized to 1.0, and treatment area (lower, darker shaded line) shows activity in units of percentage over control. As web spike percentage lift increases, the experimentally measured lift increases.

FIG. 32 is a simplified functional block diagram of a computer that may be configured as a client, agent, or server for executing the method described above, according to exemplary an embodiment of the present disclosure. Specifically, in one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 32, any of servers and/or systems implementing the above-described disclosure may be an assembly of hardware 3200 including, for example, a data communication interface 3260 for packet data communication. The platform may also include a central processing unit (“CPU”) 3220, in the form of one or more processors, for executing program instructions. The platform typically includes an internal communication bus 3210, program storage, and data storage for various data files to be processed and/or communicated by the platform such as ROM 3230 and RAM 3240, although the system 3200 often receives programming and data via network communications 3270. The server 3200 also may include input and output ports 3250 to connect with input and output devices such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens, monitors, displays, etc. Of course, the various server functions may be implemented in a distributed fashion on a number of similar platforms, to distribute the processing load. Alternatively, the servers may be implemented by appropriate programming of one computer hardware platform.

Program aspects of the technology may be thought of as “products” or “articles of manufacture” typically in the form of executable code and/or associated data that is carried on or embodied in a type of machine-readable medium. “Storage” type media include any or all of the tangible memory of the computers, processors or the like, or associated modules thereof, such as various semiconductor memories, tape drives, disk drives and the like, which may provide non-transitory storage at any time for the software programming. All or portions of the software may at times be communicated through the Internet or various other telecommunication networks. Such communications, for example, may enable loading of the software from one computer or processor into another, for example, from a management server or host computer of the mobile communication network into the computer platform of a server and/or from a server to the mobile device. Thus, another type of media that may bear the software elements includes optical, electrical and electromagnetic waves, such as used across physical interfaces between local devices, through wired and optical landline networks and over various air-links. The physical elements that carry such waves, such as wired or wireless links, optical links, or the like, also may be considered as media bearing the software. As used herein, unless restricted to non-transitory, tangible “storage” media, terms such as computer or machine “readable medium” refer to any medium that participates in providing instructions to a processor for execution.

While the presently disclosed sharing application, methods, devices, and systems are described with exemplary reference to mobile applications and to transmitting HTTP data, it should be appreciated that the presently disclosed embodiments may be applicable to any environment, such as a desktop or laptop computer, an automobile entertainment system, a home entertainment system, etc. Also, the presently disclosed embodiments may be applicable to any type of Internet protocol that is equivalent or successor to HTTP.

Other embodiments of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims. 

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A computer-implemented method for web spike attribution, the method comprising: storing filtered website request data comprising a subset of website request data filtered to include at least one of null referrers, previously-uncookied visitors, and traffic not having a search query referrer; measuring, by a server, a change in the filtered website request data for a time period during a television broadcast event compared to a time period prior to the television broadcast event; and attributing the change in the filtered website request data to the television broadcast event based on a calculated probability that the change in the filtered website request data is due to the television broadcast event.
 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: determining, by the sever, a number of impressions due to the television broadcast event based on the change in the filtered website request data; and generating, by the server, a report on the change in the filtered website request data and the number of impressions.
 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising: determining, by the sever, a change in the filtered website request data per impressions performance based on the media data, the media data including one or more of a network, a day, an hour, a program, and a geography; and generating, by the server, a report on the change in the filtered website request data per impressions performance based on at least one of the network, the day, the hour, the program, and the geography.
 24. The method of claim 21, further comprising: filtering, by the server, the filtered website request data to increase signal-to-noise based on an IP-geographic lookup to establish the geographic origin of website request traffic.
 25. The method of claim 21, further comprising: determining, by the sever, a number of impressions due to the television broadcast event based on the filtered website request data for the time period during the television broadcast event and the filtered website request data for the time period prior to the television broadcast event; determining, by the sever, a change in the filtered website request data per impressions performance based on the media data, the media data including one or more of a network, a day, an hour, a program, and a geography; and determining, by the server, a targeting score of the television broadcast event based on the number of impressions and the change in the filtered website request data per impressions.
 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising: generating, by the server, a purchase recommendation based on the targeting score of the television broadcast event.
 27. The method of claim 21, further comprising: determining, by the sever, a number of impressions due to the television broadcast event based on the filtered website request data for the time period during the television broadcast event and the filtered website request data for the time period prior to the television broadcast event; and determining, by the sever, a change in the filtered website request data per impressions performance based on the media data, the media data including a plurality of a network, a day, an hour, a program, and a geography.
 28. A system for web spike attribution, the system comprising: a data storage device that stores instructions for web spike attribution; and a processor configured to execute the instructions to perform a method including: storing filtered website request data comprising a subset of website request data filtered to include at least one of null referrers, previously-uncookied visitors, and traffic not having a search query referrer; measuring a change in the filtered website request data for a time period during a television broadcast event compared to a time period prior to the television broadcast event; and attributing the change in the filtered website request data to the television broadcast event based on a calculated probability that the change in the filtered website request data is due to the television broadcast event.
 29. The system of claim 28, wherein the processor is further configured to execute the instructions to perform the method including: determining, by the sever, a number of impressions due to the television broadcast event based on the change in the filtered website request data; and generating, by the server, a report on the change in the filtered website request data and the number of impressions.
 30. The system of claim 29, wherein the processor is further configured to execute the instructions to perform the method including: determining, by the sever, a change in the filtered website request data per impressions performance based on the media data, the media data including one or more of a network, a day, an hour, a program, and a geography; and generating, by the server, a report on the change in the filtered website request data per impressions performance based on at least one of the network, the day, the hour, the program, and the geography.
 31. The system of claim 28, wherein the processor is further configured to execute the instructions to perform the method including: filtering, by the server, the change in the filtered website request data to increase signal-to-noise based on an IP-geographic lookup to establish the geographic origin of website request traffic.
 32. The system of claim 28, wherein the processor is further configured to execute the instructions to perform the method including: determining, by the sever, a number of impressions due to the television broadcast event based on the change in the filtered website request data for the time period during the television broadcast event and the change in the filtered website request data for the time period prior to the television broadcast event; determining, by the sever, a change in the filtered website request data per impressions performance based on the media data, the media data including one or more of a network, a day, an hour, a program, and a geography; and determining, by the server, a targeting score of the television broadcast event based on the number of impressions and the change in the filtered website request data per impressions.
 33. The system of claim 32, wherein the processor is further configured to execute the instructions to perform the method including: generating, by the server, a purchase recommendation based on the targeting score of the television broadcast event.
 34. The system of claim 28, wherein the processor is further configured to execute the instructions to perform the method including: determining, by the sever, a number of impressions due to the television broadcast event based on the filtered website request data for the time period during the television broadcast event and the filtered website request data for the time period prior to the television broadcast event; and determining, by the sever, a filtered website request data per impressions performance based on the media data, the media data including a plurality of a network, a day, an hour, a program, and a geography.
 35. A non-transitory machine-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computing system, causes the computing system to perform a method for web spike attribution, the method including: storing filtered website request data comprising a subset of website request data filtered to include at least one of null referrers, previously-uncookied visitors, and traffic not having a search query referrer; measuring, by a server, a change in the filtered website request data for a time period during a television broadcast event compared to a time period prior to the television broadcast event; and attributing the change in the filtered website request data to the television broadcast event based on a calculated probability that the change in the filtered website request data is due to the television broadcast event.
 36. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 35, the method further comprising: determining, by the sever, a number of impressions due to the television broadcast event based on the change in the filtered website request data; and generating, by the server, a report on the change in the filtered website request data and the number of impressions.
 37. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 35, the method further comprising: filtering, by the server, the filtered website request data to increase signal-to-noise based on an IP-geographic lookup to establish the geographic origin of website request traffic.
 38. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 35, the method further comprising: determining, by the sever, a number of impressions due to the television broadcast event based on the filtered website request data for the time period during the television broadcast event and the filtered website request data for the time period prior to the television broadcast event; determining, by the sever, a change in the filtered website request data per impressions performance based on the media data, the media data including one or more of a network, a day, an hour, a program, and a geography; and determining, by the server, a targeting score of the television broadcast event based on the number of impressions and the change in the filtered website request data per impressions.
 39. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 38, the method further comprising: generating, by the server, a purchase recommendation based on the targeting score of the television broadcast event.
 40. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 35, the method further comprising: determining, by the sever, a number of impressions due to the television broadcast event based on the filtered website request data for the time period during the television broadcast event and the filtered website request data for the time period prior to the television broadcast event; and determining, by the sever, a change in the filtered website request data per impressions performance based on the media data, the media data including a plurality of a network, a day, an hour, a program, and a geography. 